School ethnic–racial socialization and adolescent ethnic–racial identity.

The early learning environment is important in the development of racial identity for Black and bi-racial children as this may be the first environment outside of the children’s home environment where they learn about themselves and others. Through semi-structured interviews this qualitative research explores five Black Canadian mothers’ racial socialization practices and perceptions of how their children’s racial identity is being represented in the early learning environment. Employing a constructivist framework and Critical Race Theory (CRT) four overarching themes were identified: “racial socialization behaviours connected to Black identity”, “parents using racial socialization to combat racism”, “lack of resources supporting racial identity”, and “diversity of teachers, authority belongs to everybody”. The mothers in this study employed racial socialization behaviours to buffer against the impact of racism in order to support the healthy development of their children.

Racial Identity and Racial Socialization as Aspects of Adolescents' Identity Development

Handbook of Applied Developmental Science: Promoting Positive Child, Adolescent, and Family Development Through Research, Policies, and Programs ◽

10.4135/9781452233642.n7 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 143-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Janet E. Helms

Keyword(s):

Racial Identity ◽

Identity Development ◽

Racial Socialization

Measuring the Meaning of Black Media Stereotypes and Their Relationship to the Racial Identity, Black History Knowledge, and Racial Socialization of African American Youth

Journal of Black Studies ◽

10.1177/0021934714530396 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 367-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Valerie N. Adams-Bass ◽

Howard C. Stevenson ◽

Diana Slaughter Kotzin

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

African American Youth ◽

Black History ◽

Black Media

Black Girl Blues: The Roles of Racial Socialization, Gendered Racial Socialization, and Racial Identity on Depressive Symptoms among Black Girls

Journal of Youth and Adolescence ◽

10.1007/s10964-020-01317-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (11) ◽

pp. 2175-2189

Author(s):

McKenzie N. Stokes ◽

Elan C. Hope ◽

Qiana R. Cryer-Coupet ◽

erin elliot

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

Black Girls ◽

Black Girl

African American Fathers' Racial Socialization Patterns: Associations with Racial Identity Beliefs and Discrimination Experiences

Family Relations ◽

10.1111/fare.12115 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 278-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shauna M. Cooper ◽

Ciara Smalls-Glover ◽

Isha Metzger ◽

Charity Griffin

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

African American Fathers

Relationship of Adolescent Perceptions of Racial Socialization to Racial Identity

Journal of Black Psychology ◽

10.1177/00957984950211005 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 49-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 150

Author(s):

Howard C. Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Racial Identity ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

Adolescent Perceptions ◽

Relationship Of

Parents’ perception of raising healthy Black children

10.32920/ryerson.14665335.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Hall

Keyword(s):

Racial Identity ◽

Critical Race Theory ◽

Learning Environment ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

Early Learning ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Children's Home ◽

Black Canadian ◽

The Impact

The early learning environment is important in the development of racial identity for Black and bi-racial children as this may be the first environment outside of the children’s home environment where they learn about themselves and others. Through semi-structured interviews this qualitative research explores five Black Canadian mothers’ racial socialization practices and perceptions of how their children’s racial identity is being represented in the early learning environment. Employing a constructivist framework and Critical Race Theory (CRT) four overarching themes were identified: “racial socialization behaviours connected to Black identity”, “parents using racial socialization to combat racism”, “lack of resources supporting racial identity”, and “diversity of teachers, authority belongs to everybody”. The mothers in this study employed racial socialization behaviours to buffer against the impact of racism in order to support the healthy development of their children.

Ethnic-Racial and Religious Identity as Mediators of Relations Between Ethnic-Racial Socialization and Prosocial Behaviors Among Black Young Adults

Journal of Black Psychology ◽

10.1177/0095798420971388 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009579842097138

Author(s):

Sahitya Maiya ◽

Gustavo Carlo ◽

Antoinette M. Landor ◽

Madison K. Memmott-Elison

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Racial Identity ◽

Racial Socialization ◽

Religious Identity ◽

The United States ◽

Prosocial Behaviors ◽

Cultural Socialization ◽

Mediation Analyses ◽

Prosocial Development ◽

Identity Processes

Scholars have long asserted the importance of studying cultural socialization processes predicting prosocial behaviors, but studies on this topic among Black young adults are rare. The current study examined the mediating roles of ethnic-racial identity and religious identity in associations between ethnic-racial socialization and prosocial behaviors among Black young adults. Participants consisted of 208 Black young adults ( Mage = 19.90 years, SDage = 1.62, 73.6% women) from universities across the United States, who reported on their ethnic-racial socialization, ethnic-racial identity, religious identity, and prosocial behaviors. Mediation analyses showed that ethnic-racial identity and religious identity mediated the relation between ethnic-racial socialization and prosocial behavior. Our findings highlight the ways in which cultural socialization and identity processes foster prosocial behaviors among Black young adults. Discussion focuses on a culturally grounded and strengths-based understanding of prosocial development among Black young adults.