The Implicit Association Test and ethnic identity centrality

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Carlisle ◽  
Joshua Meadors ◽  
Carolyn Murray
Author(s):  
Aaron Erlich ◽  
Calvin Garner

ABSTRACT When their country is at war, individuals express support for their government and hostility toward the foreign adversary, leading to the “rally ′round the flag” effect. What is less understood is how, during a rally, ethnic identity and proximity to conflict relate to attitudes toward the home state and the adversary. Moreover, individuals may feel pressure to answer patriotically when asked about the conflict, particularly individuals who share an ethnic identity with the majority population of the foreign adversary, leading to biased measures of opinion. We study these dynamics in the context of Ukraine's ongoing war with Russia, comparing responses from self-identified ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in four cities in Ukraine. Using a lab-based implicit association test (IAT) and survey with 600 respondents, we examine whether respondents’ implicit biases, reflexive preferences that are hard to manipulate, match their explicitly stated preferences for either Ukraine or Russia. We find that, on average, ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in Ukraine are explicitly and implicitly pro-Ukraine, although we observe slightly lower levels of pro-Ukraine bias among ethnic Russians. We also find that 70 percent of those who are implicitly pro-Russia are explicitly neutral or pro-Ukraine, highlighting the need to study implicit associations in sensitive settings. Cuando un país está en guerra, la población expresa su apoyo al gobierno y hostilidad hacia el adversario extranjero, lo cual produce el efecto de “agruparse alrededor de la la bandera” [“rally ‘round the flag”]. Lo que no se comprende bien es la manera en que, durante una agrupación alrededor de la bandera, la identidad étnica y la proximidad al conflicto se relacionan con ciertas actitudes hacia el estado local y el adversario. Además, las personas pueden sentirse presionadas para responder de forma patriótica cuando se les pregunta acerca del conflicto, en particular aquellas que comparten una identidad étnica con la mayoría de la población del adversario extranjero, algo que da lugar a medidas de opinión sesgadas. Estudiamos estas dinámicas en el contexto de la guerra actual entre Ucrania y Rusia, comparando respuestas de ucranianos y rusos autoidentificados étnicamente en cuatro ciudades de Ucrania. Utilizando una prueba de asociación implícita (implicit association test, IAT) de laboratorio y una encuesta con 600 participantes, examinamos si los sesgos implícitos (preferencias reflexivas que son difíciles de manipular) de los encuestados coinciden con sus preferencias expresadas, ya sea a favor de Ucrania o de Rusia. Descubrimos que, en promedio, las personas de origen étnico ucraniano y ruso en Ucrania están explícita e implícitamente a favor de Ucrania, aunque observamos niveles levemente más bajos de sesgo a favor de Ucrania en personas de origen étnico ruso. Además, observamos que el 70 percent de aquellas personas que están implícitamente a favor de Rusia están explícitamente a favor de Ucrania o tienen una postura neutral, lo cual resalta la necesidad de estudiar asociaciones implícitas en entornos sensibles. Lorsque leur pays est en guerre, les individus expriment leur soutien pour leur gouvernement et leur hostilité envers l'opposant étranger, ce qui mène à un effet de « ralliement autour du drapeau ». Cependant, ce qui est moins compris, c'est la mesure dans laquelle l'identité ethnique et la proximité du conflit ont un lien avec les attitudes envers l’État de résidence et l'opposant durant ce ralliement. De plus, les individus peuvent ressentir une pression les poussant à répondre patriotiquement lorsqu'ils sont interrogés sur le conflit, particulièrement les individus qui partagent l'identité ethnique de la majorité de la population de l'opposant étranger, ce qui mène à des mesures d'opinion biaisées. Nous étudions ces dynamiques dans le contexte du conflit continu entre l'Ukraine et la Russie en comparant les réponses d'individus qui s'identifient d'eux-mêmes ethniquement en tant que Russes ou qu'Ukrainiens dans quatre villes d'Ukraine. Nous utilisons un test d'association implicite mené en laboratoire et une enquête sur 600 participants pour examiner si les préjugés implicites des participants, des préférences réflexives difficiles à manipuler, correspondent à leurs préférences explicitement déclarées envers l'Ukraine ou la Russie. Nous avons constaté qu'en moyenne, les Ukrainiens et Russes ethniques vivant en Ukraine étaient explicitement et implicitement pro-Ukraine, bien que nous ayons observé des niveaux de préférences pro-Ukraine légèrement inférieurs chez les Russes ethniques. Nous avons également découvert que 70 percent des personnes qui étaient implicitement pro-Russie étaient explicitement neutres ou pro-Ukraine, ce qui met en évidence le besoin d’étudier les associations implicites dans les environnements sensibles.


2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Schmid Mast

The goal of the present study was to provide empirical evidence for the existence of an implicit hierarchy gender stereotype indicating that men are more readily associated with hierarchies and women are more readily associated with egalitarian structures. To measure the implicit hierarchy gender stereotype, the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald et al., 1998) was used. Two samples of undergraduates (Sample 1: 41 females, 22 males; Sample 2: 35 females, 37 males) completed a newly developed paper-based hierarchy-gender IAT. Results showed that there was an implicit hierarchy gender stereotype: the association between male and hierarchical and between female and egalitarian was stronger than the association between female and hierarchical and between male and egalitarian. Additionally, men had a more pronounced implicit hierarchy gender stereotype than women.


Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski

Abstract. Drawing on recent criticism of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study tested the convergent and discriminant validity of two prejudice-related IATs to corresponding explicit prejudice measures in a German student sample (N = 61). Confirming convergent validity, (a) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to Turkish people was significantly related to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (b) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to East Asians was significantly related to explicit prejudice against East Asians. Moreover, confirming discriminant validity, (c) the Asian IAT was unrelated to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (d) the Turkish IAT was unrelated to explicit prejudice against Asian people. These results further corroborate the assumption that the IAT is a valid method to assess the strength of evaluative associations in the domain of prejudice and stereotypes.


Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Inga Plewe

Abstract. The introduction of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) has stimulated numerous research activities. The IAT is supposed to measure the degree of association between concepts. Instances have to be assigned to these concepts by pressing appropriate keys as quickly as possible. The reaction time difference between certain conditions, termed the IAT effect, is used as an indicator of the degree of the concepts’ association. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of association between one concept (or category) and the instances of the other presented concept also influences reaction times. In our experiment, the instances in the target categories, male and female names, were kept constant. The adjectives in the evaluative categories were manipulated: Either the pleasant adjectives were female-associated and the unpleasant adjectives were male-associated, or vice versa. These stereotypic associations were indeed found to exert a substantial influence on the size of the IAT effect. This finding casts doubt on the assumption that the IAT effect may be interpreted as a pure measure of the degree of association between concepts.


Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Axel Buchner

Implicit attitudes are conceived of as formed in childhood, suggesting extreme stability. At the same time, it has been shown that implicit attitudes are influenced by situational factors, suggesting variability by the moment. In the present article, using structural equation modeling, we decomposed implicit attitudes towards gay men into a person factor and a situational factor. The Implicit Association Test ( Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ), introduced as an instrument with which individual differences in implicit attitudes can be measured, was used. Measurement was repeated after one week (Experiment 1) or immediately (Experiment 2). Explicit attitudes towards gay men as assessed by way of questionnaires were positive and stable across situations. Implicit attitudes were relatively negative instead. Internal consistency of the implicit attitude assessment was exemplary. However, the within-situation consistency was accompanied by considerable unexplained between-situation variability. Consequently, it may not be adequate to interpret an individual implicit attitude measured at a given point in time as a person-related, trait-like factor.


Author(s):  
Don van Ravenzwaaij ◽  
Han L. J. van der Maas ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has shown that names labeled as Caucasian elicit more positive associations than names labeled as non-Caucasian. One interpretation of this result is that the IAT measures latent racial prejudice. An alternative explanation is that the result is due to differences in in-group/out-group membership. In this study, we conducted three different IATs: one with same-race Dutch names versus racially charged Moroccan names; one with same-race Dutch names versus racially neutral Finnish names; and one with Moroccan names versus Finnish names. Results showed equivalent effects for the Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Finnish IATs, but no effect for the Finnish-Moroccan IAT. This suggests that the name-race IAT-effect is not due to racial prejudice. A diffusion model decomposition indicated that the IAT-effects were caused by changes in speed of information accumulation, response conservativeness, and non-decision time.


Author(s):  
Pasquale Anselmi ◽  
Michelangelo Vianello ◽  
Egidio Robusto

Two studies investigated the different contribution of positive and negative associations to the size of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect. A Many-Facet Rasch Measurement analysis was applied for the purpose. Across different IATs (Race and Weight) and different groups of respondents (White, Normal weight, and Obese people) we observed that positive words increase the IAT effect whereas negative words tend to decrease it. Results suggest that the IAT is influenced by a positive associations primacy effect. As a consequence, we argue that researchers should be careful when interpreting IAT effects as a measure of implicit prejudice.


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