An initial model of driver-vehicle performance in recovery from skids on icy roads

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Caldenfors ◽  
Sidney Dekker ◽  
Kip Smith
Keyword(s):  
Initial Model ◽  
Vehicle Performance

Comprehensive Study of the Performance of Winter Tires on Ice, Snow, and Asphalt Roads: The Influence of Tire Type and Wear

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Hjort ◽  
Olle Eriksson ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Winter Road ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Real Traffic ◽  
Real Vehicle ◽  
Comprehensive Study

ABSTRACT This work presents a comprehensive study of the performance of winter tires on snow, ice, and asphalt. A set of 77 different winter tires were carefully selected for the study. Of these, 27 were new and 50 were worn from real traffic use. All three tire types for winter conditions (Nordic, European, and studded) were represented. All tires have been tested using a mobile tire-testing device for snow and asphalt and using a stationary tire-testing facility for ice. Both devices recorded the tire forces and motions, enabling a close to complete stationary characterization of the tires. In addition, 42 of the tires were tested on a passenger car, where brake performance was evaluated for the three different road conditions. This enables a comparative study of performance between tire types and wear for various winter road conditions. The results suggest that the recorded data represent real vehicle performance. Some conclusions from the measurements are that the effect of wear is consistent between the tire groups and that the performance degradation is most noticeable on studded tires on ice and on European tires on snow.

Copper to Aluminum Bonding: IMC Characterization through New Mechanical Sectioning Methods

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Copeland ◽  
Mukul Saran
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Initial Model ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Intermetallic Formation ◽  
Imaging Parameters ◽  
Bonded Interface ◽  
Bond Interface ◽  
Sem Imaging

Abstract This paper presents a mechanical cross-sectioning approach that produces an image clarity not yet demonstrated in published literature. It demonstrates how a critical sequence of polishing, basic slurry optimization and staining, in conjunction with correct imaging parameters can be used to highlight the growth morphology of the intermetallic compound (IMCs). Utilizing this approach, the paper describes the results of a SEM imaging study of the intermetallic formation and growth at the Cu-Al bond interface during thermal ageing for up to 4000hrs at 150 deg C. The paper uses direct SEM imaging to catalog observations which are used to create an initial model for IMC and void growth at the wire bonded interface. It examines the effect of aluminum splash and concludes that growth of intermetallics at the Cu-Al interface is rapid into the bond-pad aluminum than into the Cu-ball, but the growth thickness uniformity is much higher into the Cu-ball.

VOC Fate Model Verification at Multiple Pulp Mill Wastewater Treatment Sites

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Barton ◽  
J. J. McKeown ◽  
W. Chudyk
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Initial Model ◽  
Gas Sampling ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Fate Model

A model of organic compound removal by biological wastewater treatment processes receiving pulp and paper industry wastewaters has been developed and initial model verification performed at a single mill site. This paper presents the results of further model verification conducted at multiple mill sites, including replication of the original site. In addition, VOC losses at other unit processes are quantified. Activated sludge basin chloroform volatilization rates are predicted to within twelve percent of the measured rates. Predicted overall methanol removals are consistent with observed removals although difficulties encountered during off-gas sampling preclude determination of the extent of removal due to volatilization.

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