Cross-Cultural Differences in Child Temperament: Ecuador and the US

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

Gender and National Differences in Attitudes toward Same-Gender Touch

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
Vicki A. Rawdon
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Same Gender

Women have been reported to be more positive about same-gender touch, but cross-cultural information about this touch is limited. Male and female students from Chile (n = 26), Spain (n = 61), Malaysia (n = 32), and the US (n = 77) completed a same-gender touch scale. As in past studies, US women had more positive scores than US men. Malaysians had more negative scores than the other three groups. Spanish and US students had more positive scores than Chilean students. National differences in attitudes toward particular types of touch were also noted. The need for new methods for examining cross-cultural differences in touch was discussed.

Cross-Cultural Differences in Parents’ Responses to Child Temperament

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae-Young Han ◽  
Seong-Yeon Park ◽  
Eun Gyoung Lee ◽  
Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares ◽  
Helena Slobodskaya
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

scholarly journals Actual and Perceived Motor Competence Levels of Belgian and United States Preschool Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
pp. S320-S336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Brian ◽  
Farid Bardid ◽  
Lisa M. Barnett ◽  
Frederik J.A. Deconinck ◽  
Matthieu Lenoir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Actual Object ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

Purpose: The present study examined the motor competence of preschool children from Belgium and the United States (US), and the influence of perceived motor competence on actual motor competence. A secondary objective was to compare the levels of motor competence of Belgian and US children using the US norms of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2). Methods: All participants (N = 326; ages 4–5 years) completed the TGMD-2 and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Results: Belgian children performed significantly higher on actual object control and locomotor skills than US children. However, both Belgian and US children scored significantly worse on the TGMD-2 when compared to the US norm group from 1997–1998. Furthermore, perceived motor competence was significantly related to actual object control skills but not locomotor skills. Conclusion: The present study showed cross-cultural differences in actual motor competence in young children. The findings also indicate a secular downward trend in childhood competence levels, possibly due to a decrease in physical activity and increase in sedentary behavior. Future research should consider conducting an in-depth exploration of physical activity contexts such as physical education to better understand cross-cultural differences in motor competence.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Differences in Temperament Between the United States and the People’s Republic of China: A Longitudinal Comparison

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Victoria Jones ◽  
Zhengyan Wang ◽  
Shangqing Yuan ◽  
Christie Pham ◽  
Samuel P. Putnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us

Aims: The present study assessed cross-cultural differences in temperament and temperament stability between children from the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Goals of the study include examining differences in three temperament factors (surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control), conducting comparisons on fine-grained dimensions of factors demonstrating significant cross-cultural differences, and comparing temperament stability from infancy to toddlerhood. Methodology: The US sample (N = 147) and PRC sample (N = 128) consisted of children whose temperament was longitudinally assessed in infancy and toddlerhood using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (IBQ-R SF) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (ECBQ SF). Primary analyses involved evaluating mean differences in the three temperament factors: surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control, with additional statistical tests conducted to investigate fine-grained distinctions. Results: Findings revealed main effects of culture for each factor with culture x time interactions indicating negative affectivity significantly differed in toddlerhood, t(273) = -8.27, P < .001, d = 1.00, 98.75% CI [-0.70, -0.37], and regulation in infancy, t(273) = -5.17, P < .001, d = 0.62, 98.75% CI [-0.62, -0.22]. Specifically, the US sample exhibited higher surgency at both time points, lower negative affectivity in toddlerhood, and lower regulation in infancy. In addition, little difference was noted in temperament stability between the US and Chinese samples. Conclusion: Our findings support previous reports identifying cultural differences in temperament and highlight that differences are not constant across early childhood, but rather that as development unfolds, their nature is subject to change.

scholarly journals XCWG: Overconfidence Across Cultures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don A Moore ◽  
Amelia Shepley Dev ◽  
Ekaterina Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Collectivistic Cultures ◽  
India And China

Overconfidence is a robust cognitive bias with far-reaching implications, but prior research on cultural differences in overconfidence has been conflicting. We present two studies that measure the three forms of overconfidence across cultures, allowing us to paint a more complete picture of cross-cultural overconfidence than previous studies. In Study 1, we compare overconfidence among participants from cultures traditionally considered individualistic (the US and UK) with participants from cultures traditionally conceptualized as collectivistic (India and China). In Study 2, we employ a new task to compare overconfidence in participants from the US and India. Our first key result is the successful cross-cultural replication, in both studies, of the effect of task difficulty on overestimation and overplacement, which bolsters our faith that our measures operate similarly across cultures. Our second key finding is that, while we find evidence of higher overestimation in our Indian participants, neither overplacement nor overprecision show consistent cross-cultural differences. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that previous findings of increased overconfidence in participants from collectivistic cultures may not be as robust as previously reported.

scholarly journals Overconfidence Across Cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Don A. Moore ◽  
Amelia S. Dev ◽  
Ekaterina Y. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Us ◽  
Collectivistic Cultures ◽  
India And China

Overconfidence is a robust cognitive bias with far-reaching implications, but prior research on cultural differences in overconfidence has been conflicting. We present two studies that measure the three forms of overconfidence across cultures, allowing us to paint a more complete picture of cross-cultural overconfidence than previous studies. In Study 1, we compare overconfidence among participants from cultures traditionally considered individualistic (the US and UK) with participants from cultures traditionally conceptualized as collectivistic (India and China). In Study 2, we employ a new task to compare overconfidence in participants from the US and India. Our first key result is the successful cross-cultural replication, in both studies, of the effect of task difficulty on overestimation and overplacement, which bolsters our faith that our measures operate similarly across cultures. Our second key finding is that, while we find evidence of higher overestimation in our Indian participants, neither overplacement nor overprecision show consistent cross-cultural differences. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that previous findings of increased overconfidence in participants from collectivistic cultures may not be as robust as previously reported.

Cognitive gadgets: A provocative but flawed manifesto

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cherry Picking ◽  
Dichotomous Thinking

Abstract The argument against innatism at the heart of Cognitive Gadgets is provocative but premature, and is vitiated by dichotomous thinking, interpretive double standards, and evidence cherry-picking. I illustrate my criticism by addressing the heritability of imitation and mindreading, the relevance of twin studies, and the meaning of cross-cultural differences in theory of mind development. Reaching an integrative understanding of genetic inheritance, plasticity, and learning is a formidable task that demands a more nuanced evolutionary approach.

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