Group consensus and cultural values as determinants of risk taking.

1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Baron ◽  
Kenneth L. Dion ◽  
Penny H. Baron ◽  
Norman Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Group Consensus

Cultural Values and Corporate Risk-Taking

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale W. Griffin ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Heng Yue ◽  
Longkai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Corporate Risk

Credit card payments: do cultural values matter? Evidence from the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Cornea
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Payment Instruments ◽  
Credit Card Usage

PurposeThis study analyzes how cultural and social values shape specific attitudes toward credit cards and indebtedness and consumption behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a panel dataset for a selection of European Union countries from 2003 to 2016. The relation between credit card use and social and cultural attitudes is constructed by controlling for past habits in payment behavior and cross-substitution with alternative payment instruments by employing a dynamic panel data analysis based on the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator.FindingsThe total value of credit card payments positively correlated with values emphasizing risk-taking attitudes. When analyzing the propensity of using these instruments for larger purchases, the level of trust is the most relevant predictor. However, the results seemed region-specific with some variables correlating consumption behavior with credit card usage depending on the political and the economic background of the country. Moreover, risk-taking attitudes prevail when they are related to the extent to which countries rely on cash as a preferred payment instrument. Also, credit card usage is mainly explained by past habits and the economic context.Originality/valueThe model expands on previous credit card transaction research by including an additional set of cultural values able to account for the complex nature of payment instruments and their effects on indebtedness and consumption behavior.

FIELDS OF DREAMS, FIELDS OF SCHEMES: PONZI FINANCE AND MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING IN SOUTH AFRICA

Africa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev Krige
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
New Members ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Liberal Capitalism ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Pyramid Schemes ◽  
Social Logics

ABSTRACTThe structural conditions associated with increased inequality amidst rapid change brought about by growing financialization and efforts to get the ‘unbanked’ sections of society into the formal financial system have created the conditions under which illegal pyramid and ponzi schemes, fake investment schemes, and legal multi-level marketing companies have been able to flourish. In contemporary Johannesburg and Soweto the originators of money multiplication schemes and the agents who ‘work’ to recruit new members position themselves in this context as financial entrepreneurs and brokers who embody a range of seemingly contradictory discourses, drawing on discourses of ‘empowerment’, ‘self-help’, ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘religiously sanctioned wealth and prosperity’ in the course of their risk taking in the field of finance. Based on a series of case studies of female agents of ‘push-push’ schemes, the article shows how many of these discourses reflect some of the conditions of contemporary capitalism: citizens are expected to be active investors, active entrepreneurs and hard workers who are able to work from home and without a boss. Moreover, the schemes use sophisticated technologies, marketing strategies and other practices which simulate formality, legality and sincerity – echoing religious practices and discourses. At the same time a set of cultural values and social logics that are not necessarily produced by neo-liberal capitalism and financialization, but are certainly activated by them, makes it hard for citizens to recognize or admit the forms of deception involved, unless deception is seen to be central to the operation of the modern state or the present ‘get-rich-quick’ culture. Risk taking, and pursuit of social mobility, originate in dual economy legacies, with their unfulfilled expectations, wealth disparities and frustrated class aspiration. Participants in pyramid schemes have ideologies combining ‘progress’ with ‘imminent doom’, entrepreneurship with greed: contradictory attitudes reflective of financialization in the broader world.

scholarly journals Manipulative Leadership and The Effect towards Its Subordinate as Portrayed in Orson Scott Card’s Novel

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Sharavina Delani
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Change ◽  
The Government ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis

Literary works, such as novel, usually comes from the writer’s feeling; it could be the feeling of love, frustrations, angers, satisfactions, disappointments, satire, and many other feelings towards an individual, social, organizations, even the government. A novel could also be some kind of warning towards the readers so that they could be cautious if there are any similar events happen in their real life. The main objective of this research explains the American manipulative leadership and the American cultural values seen in Ender’s Game and to analyze the effect of American Manipulative Leadership towards its Subordinate shows by Ender’s Game. The researcher uses the qualitative method to analyze the primary data and the supporting data using content analysis to interpret the images, symbols, and words.    This undergraduate thesis concludes two major points. Firstly, American manipulative leadership uses two values; which are risk-taking and the future, change, and progress and forgotten two other values, directness/openness/honesty and freedom of American Cultural values. Secondly, American manipulative leaderships also affect the subordinate psychological condition. And novel can also be called as a popular culture due to its enormous achievement and its consumption by the mass.

Sexual Consumption in the Time of AIDS: A Study of Prostitute Patronage in Thailand

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell W. Belk ◽  
Per Østergaard ◽  
Ronald Groves
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

On the basis of short-term, qualitative fieldwork, the authors provide a culturally embedded portrait of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and risk-taking behaviors in prostitute patronage by students and tourists in the most heavily HIV-infected region of Thailand. The authors find that the mix of cultural values, rituals, sex roles, and emotions in this Thai context challenge the underlying assumptions of belief-based Western models of behavior. This may help explain the limited effectiveness of prior research and prevention efforts in stopping the spread of HIV and AIDS. Although the findings are preliminary, they pose provocative challenges to consumer information processing models and existing public policy efforts in this milieu of sex and death.

scholarly journals Fostering entrepreneurship: Developing a risk-taking culture in singapore

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balbir B. Bhasin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
The Government

About 10 years ago the Singapore Government realized that entrepreneurial spirit was lacking in its general population. These conclusions were confirmed by an empirical survey, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), an annual assessment of the national level of entrepreneurial activity. The paternalistic and authoritative approach of the government contributed to the general population’s averseness to participating in riskoriented ventures. Removing impediments to entrepreneurship is a key challenge for the government and the business sector if the island republic is to maintain its national competitiveness. This article explores the various initiatives taken by the government to stimulate risk-taking and attempts to ascertain if the various measures can be used as key factors to strengthen the inherent cultural values that stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit.The observations can serve as a useful tool for academics and managers in recognizing the cultural traits that influence and help foster entrepreneurial tendencies.

Group Risk Taking and Internal-External Control of Group Members

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Minton ◽  
Arthur G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Level ◽  
External Control ◽  
Group Consensus ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Risky Shift ◽  
Group Members

Group risk taking was investigated as a function of the internal-external control level of group members. Using an experimental paradigm of Kogan and Wallach, it was predicted that groups composed of external Ss would manifest a greater risky shift and would reach group consensus in significantly less time than groups of internal Ss. The results demonstrated the risky-shift phenomenon for each group type and indicated that female groups reached consensus significantly faster than male groups. However, the predictions relating internal-external control to group risk taking were not supported.

scholarly journals Externalizing and internalizing pathways to Mexican American adolescents’ risk taking

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1371-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Gonzales ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Michaeline Jensen ◽  
Jenn Yun Tein ◽  
Rebecca M. B. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Externalizing Symptoms ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Family Risk ◽  
Problem Alcohol ◽  
Peer Social Rejection

AbstractThis study used four waves of data from a longitudinal study of 749 Mexican origin youths to test a developmental cascades model linking contextual adversity in the family and peer domains in late childhood to a sequence of unfolding processes hypothesized to predict problem substance use and risky sexual activity (greater number of sex partners) in late adolescence. Externalizing and internalizing problems were tested as divergent pathways, with youth-reported and mother-reported symptoms examined in separate models. Youth gender, nativity, and cultural orientation were tested as moderators. Family risk, peer social rejection, and their interaction were prospectively related to externalizing symptoms and deviant peer involvement, although family risk showed stronger effects on parent-reported externalizing and peer social rejection showed stronger effects on youth-reported externalizing. Externalizing symptoms and deviant peers were related, in turn, to risk taking in late adolescence, including problem alcohol–substance use and number of sexual partners. Peer social rejection predicted youth-reported internalizing symptoms, and internalizing was related, in turn, to problem alcohol and substance use in late adolescence. Tests of moderation showed some of these developmental cascades were stronger for adolescents who were female, less oriented to mainstream cultural values, and more oriented to Mexican American cultural values.

scholarly journals Differences in Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) of SMEs in the International Context: Evidence from the Czech Republic and Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-357
Author(s):  
Mehmet Civelek ◽  
Aleksandr Ključnikov ◽  
Gentjan Çera ◽  
Jiří Mezuláník ◽  
Radim Maňák
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
International Context ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Size Of Firms

Although SMEs make significant contributions to socio-economic conditions of countries, they face many financial, organizational and mercantile obstacles in their operations. In this regard, having more innovative, risk-taking and proactive activities (EO) increases SMEs’ performance, financial conditions and help them to survive in the long term. Therefore, finding regional, national and international differences in EO of SMEs can enable policymakers, financing institutions, SMEs, and entrepreneurs to create more opportunities for SMEs to overcome those problems. In this regard, this research seeks to explore the differences between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of SMEs that operate in different regions of countries with various cultural values, income levels, economic, political and legal risks. Moreover, age and size of firms are also considered to find differences among SMEs in national and international contexts. In line with these objectives, the current study examines two different countries that have cultural differences and have different economic, legal and political risks. To achieve the objectives, 1620 Czech and Turkish SMEs were analyzed by performing the Mann-Whitney U and Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation tests. According to the results of Moran’s I autocorrelation test, this research does not find any differences between the low and high-income regions of the selected countries regarding EO of SMEs. Experience and age of the respondents might be the reason for these results. Significant results in the national context are that EO of SMEs does not differ across the age categories, while there are differences between firm size and their EO. In the international context, the main findings are that Czech SMEs are more proactive than Turkish ones in all age and size categories, while Turkish SMEs are more innovative in all age categories and only in small size segment. However, this research has not revealed any differences within the risk-taking behaviour of SMEs from different countries considering their size and age. The significant differences and similarities in EO of SMEs from different countries might stem from the educational status of the respondents, a considerable number of operating firms in a market, agility, flexibility, R&D activities and sector of firms. Financial, educational, administrative and legislative support needs to be given by policymakers to close the gap between EO of SMEs of different age, size, regions and countries.

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