scholarly journals New insights on basivenal sclerites using 3D tools and homology of wing veins in Odonatoptera (Insecta)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauriane Jacquelin ◽  
Laure Desutter-Grandcolas ◽  
Ioana Chintauan-Marquier ◽  
Renaud Boistel ◽  
Daran Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wing Veins

Blood Circulation in Insect Wings

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Wing Structure ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Modified Forms ◽  
Surrounding Membrane

Despite their inert appearance, the wings of insects are living appendages and are supplied with blood. This is true for definitive wings as well as for developing ones, and for modified wings such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres as for those that are specialized for flight. Typically the blood circulates only through the wing veins, but in some insects it escapes into the surrounding membrane in certain areas, and in highly modified forms it may be entirely unconfined. The course of circulation is basically the same in the wings of most insects. It flows outward from the body in the costo-medial veins, moves toward the posterior margins via cross-veins, and returns to the body through the cubito-anal veins and axillary cord. However, rhe precise route followed is highly variable concomitant with distinctive patterns of venation in different taxonomic groups and with wing structure. This is illustrated for a number of orders.

scholarly journals Wing Veins of Bees as Strengthening Elements

1926 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Charles Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Wing Veins

scholarly journals Homologies in the Wing-Veins of May-Flies

1912 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Haven Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Wing Veins

EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck ◽  
John F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Folding Mechanism ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Phylogenetic Scheme ◽  
Wing Folding

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Tracheal Gills ◽  
Plesiomorphic Character

Gigantic as well as very large mayflies from the middle Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) strata of Europe and North America are described: the adult and nymph of Bojophlebia prokopi n. gen., n. sp. (Bojophlebiidae n. fam.) and the nymphs of Lithoneura piecko n. sp. and Lithoneura clayesi n. sp. (Syntonopteridae). Evolution of ephemerid wing venation during 300 million years is summarized. Autapomorphic, apomorphic, and plesiomorphic character states of venation are categorized. Venational nomenclature of Recent Ephemerida is emended based on its evolutionary changes. Evidence that wing veins occurred primitively as a pair of fluted sectors is documented in Carboniferous mayflies in the costa, subcosta, radius, anal, and jugal. Ephemeroids and odonatoids are sister groups that share the veinal anal brace AA fused with CuP at an area important for flight. Ancestral Odonatoephemerida are the sister group of the extinct haustellate Paleoptera. The Carboniferous nymphs bear three pairs of almost homonomous thoracic wings and, on the abdomen, nine pairs of legs and nine pairs of tracheal gills (wing homologues). This proves that abdominal legs have been totally reduced in Recent Ephemerida except for the claspers (gonopods) and that tracheal gills are not flattened legs. The metamorphic instar probably originated in relatively young instars. Insectan cerci developed from segmented, arched, functional legs of abdominal segment 11, which were still present in this primitive condition in Carboniferous Monura.

ON WING-VEIN NOMENCLATURE

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 285-285
Author(s):  
John. A. Grossbeck
Keyword(s):  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Number System ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Wing Veins

It will be noticed that in the preceding paper on Geometridæ, I have used the Comstockian terms of designating wing-veins. Heretofore these have not been used by any writers on this family of moths; in act, they have been very little used by writers in any family. The reason for this is, not that the system is not a good one, but because it is comparatively new. Most of the older writers have become used to the number system, having employed it in all their previous work, and therefore retain it to preserve uniformity, and perhaps make no effort to familarize themselves with the new dispensation.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAMPTOPROSOPELLA HENDEL (DIPTERA, LAUXANIIDAE)

1939 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Shewell
Keyword(s):  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Similar Variation ◽  
Wing Veins

Yellow. Legs concolorous with body or else apices of all tarsi light brown. Wing veins yellow. Dimensions: Body 3—3.5 mms. Wing 3—3.25 mms.Front and face in profile the same as slossonae n. sp. with similar variation. Third antennal segment about twice as long as wide (1/2.0–1/2.3), infuscation subequal on both sides, covering apical fifth to third above and third to two thirds below. Arista with hairs arranged as in setipalpis n. sp. Infuscation of vertex roughly diamond-shaped, more or less pointed in front, longer than wide, not more than twice as long as triangle.

Symmetry systems and compartments in Lepidopteran wings: the evolution of a patterning mechanism

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
H. Frederik Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Developmental System ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Pattern Development ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Ripple Patterns ◽  
Well Differentiated

The wing patterns of butterflies are made up of an array of discrete pattern elements. Wing patterns evolve through changes in the size, shape and color of these pattern elements. The pattern elements are arranged in several parallel symmetry systems that develop independently from one another. The wing is further compartmentalized for color pattern formation by the wing veins. Pattern development in these compartments is largely independent from that in adjacent compartments. This two-fold compartmentalization of the color pattern (by symmetry systems and wing veins) has resulted in an extremely flexible developmental system that allows each pattern element to vary and evolve independently, without the burden of correlated evolution in other elements. The lack of developmental constraints on pattern evolution may explain why butterflies have diverged so dramatically in their color patterns, and why accurate mimicry has evolved so frequently. This flexible developmental system appears to have evolved from the convergence of two ancient patterning systems that the butterflies inherited from their ancestors. Mapping of various pattern types onto a phylogeny of the Lepidoptera indicates that symmetry systems evolved in several steps from simple spotting patterns. Initially all such patterns were developmentally identical but each became individuated in the immediate ancestors of the butterflies. Compartmentalization by wing veins is found in all Lepidoptera and their sister group the Trichoptera, but affects primarily the ripple patterns that form the background upon which spotting patterns and symmetry systems develop. These background pattern are determined earlier in ontogeny than are the symmetry systems, and the compartmentalization mechanism is presumably no longer active when the latter develop. It appears that both individuation of symmetry systems and compartmentalization by the wing veins began at or near the wing margin. Only the butterflies and their immediate ancestors evolved a pattern formation mechanism that combines the development of a regular array of well-differentiated symmetry systems with the mechanism that compartmentalizes the wing with respect to color pattern formation. The result was an uncoupling of symmetry system development in each wing cell. This, together with the individuation of symmetry systems, yielded an essentially mosaic developmental system of unprecedented permutational flexibility that enabled the great radiation of butterfly wing patterns.

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