Poincaré plots to analyze photoplethysmography signal between non-smokers and smokers

<span>An analysis of blood circulation was used to identify variations of heart rate and to create an early warning system of autonomic dysfunction. The Poincaré plot analyzed blood circulation using photoplethysmography (PPG) signals between non-smokers and smokers in three different indices: SD1, SD2, and SD1 SD2 ratio (SSR). There were twenty subjects separated into non-smoker and smoker groups with sample sizes of 10, respectively. An independent sample t-test to compare the continuous variables. Whereas, the comparison between two groups employed Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. The result showed that SD1 was found to be considerably lower in the group of smokers (0.03±0.01) than that of the non-smokers (0.06±0.03). Similarly, SSR was recorded at 0.0012±0.0005 and 0.0023±0.0012 for smoking and non-smoking subjects, respectively. As a comparison, SD2 for non-smokers (25.7±0.5) was lower than smokers (27.3±0.4). In conclusion, we revealed that the parameters of Poincaré plots (SD1, SD2, and SSR) exert good performances to significantly differentiate the PPG signals of the group of non-smokers from those of smokers. We also supposed that the method promises to be a suitable method to distinguish the cardiovascular disease group. Therefore, this method can be applied as a part of early detection system of cardiovascular diseases.</span>

Patient Specific Numerical Modeling for Renal Blood Monitoring Using Electrical Bio-Impedance

Knowledge of renal blood circulation is considered as an important physiological value, particularly for fast detection of acute allograft rejection as well as the management of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The electrical impedance signal obtained from kidney with an appropriate electrode system and optimal electrode system position regarding to the kidney projection on skin surface reflects the nature of renal blood circulation and tone of renal blood vessels. This paper proposes a specific numerical modelling based on prior information from MRI-data. The numerical modelling was conducted for electrical impedance change estimation due to renal blood distribution. The proposed model takes into the account the geometrical and electrophysiological parameters of tissues around the kidney as well as the actual blood distribution within the kidney. The numerical modelling had shown that it is possible to register the electrical impedance signal caused by renal blood circulation with an electrode system commensurate with the size of kidney, which makes it possible to reduce the influence of surrounding tissues and organs. Experimental studies were obtained to prove the numerical modelling and the effectiveness of developed electrode systems based on the obtained simulation results. The obtained electrical impedance signal with the appropriate electrode system shows very good agreement with the renal blood change estimated using Doppler ultrasound. For the measured electrical impedance signal, it is possible to obtain the amplitude-time parameters, which reflect the hemodynamic characteristics of the kidneys and used in diagnostics, which is the subject of further research.

Clinical impact of glycans in platelet and megakaryocyte biology

Humans produce and remove 1011 platelets daily to maintain a steady-state platelet count. The production of platelets by bone marrow megakaryocytes and their removal from the blood circulation are tightly regulated mechanisms, and abnormalities in both processes can result in thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count), often associated with the risk of bleeding or overt thrombus formation, respectively. This review focuses on the role of glycans, also known as carbohydrates or oligosaccharides, including N- and O-glycans, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, in human and mouse platelet and megakaryocyte physiology. Based on recent clinical observations and mouse models, we focused on the pathological aspects of glycan biosynthesis and degradation and its effects on platelet numbers and megakaryocyte function.

GOx-assisted synthesis of pillar[5]arene based supramolecular polymeric nanoparticles for targeted/synergistic chemo-chemodynamic cancer therapy

Background Cancer is the most serious world's health problems on the global level and various strategies have been developed for cancer therapy. Pillar[5]arene-based supramolecular therapeutic nano-platform (SP/GOx NPs) was constructed successfully via orthogonal dynamic covalent bonds and intermolecular H-bonds with the assistance of glucose oxidase (GOx) and exhibited efficient targeted/synergistic chemo-chemodynamic cancer therapy. Methods The morphology of SP/GOx NPs was characterized by DLS, TEM, SEM and EDS mapping. The cancer therapy efficinecy was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Results SP/GOx NPs can load drug molecules (Dox) and modify target molecule (FA-Py) on its surface conveniently. When the resultant FA-Py/SP/GOx/Dox NPs enters blood circulation, FA-Py will target it to cancer cells efficiently, where GOx can catalyst the overexpressed glucose to generate H2O2. Subsequently, the generated H2O2 in cancer cells catalyzed by ferrocene unit to form •OH, which can kill cancer cells. Furthermore, the loaded Dox molecules released under acid microenvironment, which can further achieve chemo-therapy. Conclusion All the experiments showed that the excellent antitumor performance of FA-Py/SP/GOx/Dox NPs, which provided an new method for pillar[5]arene-based supramolecular polymer for biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract

Charge reversal nano-systems for tumor therapy

Surface charge of biological and medical nanocarriers has been demonstrated to play an important role in cellular uptake. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties, charge-reversal delivery strategy has rapidly developed as a promising approach for drug delivery application, especially for cancer treatment. Charge-reversal nanocarriers are neutral/negatively charged at physiological conditions while could be triggered to positively charged by specific stimuli (i.e., pH, redox, ROS, enzyme, light or temperature) to achieve the prolonged blood circulation and enhanced tumor cellular uptake, thus to potentiate the antitumor effects of delivered therapeutic agents. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the recent advances of charge-reversal nanocarriers, including: (i) the effect of surface charge on cellular uptake; (ii) charge-conversion mechanisms responding to several specific stimuli; (iii) relation between the chemical structure and charge reversal activity; and (iv) polymeric materials that are commonly applied in the charge-reversal delivery systems. Graphical Abstract

MECHANISM OF SARS-COV-2 INVASION INTO THE LIVER AND HEPATIC INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19

A large number of studies have shown that patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have different degrees of liver injury. However, the mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invasion into the liver are still not fully understood. This review mainly summarizes the recently published works on the abnormal liver biochemical indicators and the mechanism of viral invasion with liver injury in COVID-19 patients. Generally, SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver was caused by blood circulation or retrograde infection of digestive tract, which led to the liver injury through direct cytopathic effect induced by virus or immunopathological effect caused by excessive inflammation. Besides these, hypoxia, endothelial injury and drug-induced jury were also the main reasons of liver injury in COVID-19 patients. In the liver function indicators, elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels with reduced albumin levels were observed in COVID-19 patients.

A case study: Multiple Lacunar Infarct using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background: An ischemic stroke takes place when a blood vessel supplying the brain is blocked and blood circulation to a part of the brain is damaged. A lacunar stroke occurs due to one of the arteries that provide blood to the brain's deep structures is blocked. Case Study: A 55-year-old male patient have right cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with left hemiparesis on 16th of August 2019. Normal result was seen by brain Computed Tomography (CT) scanning. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain was done resulted in hyperintense lesion in right pons and foci and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) was done and resulted in severe basilar artery stenosis.

Morphological Variations of the Lungs: A Cadaveric Study

The lungs are the organs of respiration which are situated on either side of the heart and other mediastinal contents in its pleural cavity. A fresh lung is spongy, can float in water and crepitates when handled. Lungs are important with respect to its blood circulation. The lungs are divided by fissures into lobes which facilitate movements of lobes in relation to one another. The hilum of each lung is its gateway. In the present study, we aim to assess the morphological variations of human cadaveric lungs at Chitwan Medical College (CMC). An observational study was conducted at dissection hall of anatomy department at Chitwan Medical College from September 2019 to October 2020 after taking ethical approval form Institutional Review Committee of CMC. All the intact 70 lungs present in the department were studied. Photographs of the intact lungs were taken from different surface. The lungs were porus, highly elastic and spongy in texture. On keeping lungs to water tank it got floated. We found 34(80.96%) of the studied specimen of right side had horizontal fissure present in it. The remaining 8 (19.04%) specimens did not have horizontal fissures, while 3 (5.88%) specimens had incomplete fissures. The oblique fissure was not present in 2 (2.38%) of the study specimens. The left side of the study specimen has a variance of 1(4.16%). When the hilum right lung was examined, 40 (95.23%) of the structure had the usual organization pattern. In the left lung, the usual pattern of organization was 21(75%). The differences are thought to be present in the lung’s fissure and hilum. The current study’s findings are therapeutically important. The findings could prove beneficial to cardiovascular and thoracic surgeons.

PENGARUH SPA BAYI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN BERAT BADAN BAYI USIA 4-6 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TAPIAN DOLOK KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN

Infan is the period as well as the time of Christ's development. It is said to be a critical period because this period is very short for the environment and it is said to be a development period because infancy is not very short and can be repeated again. The most important period of child development is infancy and toddlerhood. In infancy / toddler there is a basic growth that will determine the next child's development. Infancy is the first month of life, the baby will adapt to the environment, changes in blood circulation, and begin to work the organs of the body, and in post-neonatal the baby will experience very fast growth. One way to stimulate growth and development in children is to use the baby solus per aqua (SPA) technique. Babies who are given SPA Babies will certainly grow and develop differently from the growth and development of babies who are not given SPA Babies. This is because the Baby SPA series aims to awaken the baby's sensory and motor nerves early with certain stimuli so that babies can grow actively and be more optimal both physically and mentally. This study aims to obtain an overview of the effect of Infant SPA on weight gain aged 4 to 6 months, Measuring the weight gain of infants aged 4 to 6 months who receive and Infant SPA and those who do not receive massage and Infant SPA at the Tapian Dolok Health Center, Simalungun Regency. The hypothesis in this study is that the increase in the weight of the babies who received the Baby Spa was greater than the standard deviation of the weight gain of 36.9 with a mean difference of 48.7 grams between the two groups. The sample size obtained is 12 respondents so that the number of samples will be increased to 30 according to the minimum sample that can be analyzed statistically. So the intervention group was 30 babies and the control group was 30 babies. The results showed that there was an effect of SPA for infants on weight gain of infants at the age of 4 to 6 months. This study is expected to provide knowledge to mothers who have babies aged 4 6 months the importance of SPA for babies to the baby's weight gain.