scholarly journals Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that prefigures 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi ◽  
Shigeru Kondo ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Developmental Mechanism ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Genetical Control ◽  
Developmental Patterning ◽  
2D Pattern ◽  
Horn Development

Abstract The head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as an extensively folded primordium before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is prefigured in the folding pattern of the developing primordium. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordium is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of furrows at the surface of the primordium that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown analysis via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordial furrow depth without affecting the 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordial furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. Our results show how the depth and 2D pattern of primordial surface furrows are regulated at least partially independently during beetle horn development, and how both can alter the final 3D shape of the horn.

scholarly journals Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that codes 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi ◽  
Shigeru Kondo ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
Blowing Up ◽  
Developmental Patterning ◽  
2D Pattern

AbstractThe head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as extensively folded primordia before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is encoded in the folding pattern of the developing primordia. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordia is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of surficial furrows that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown screening via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordia furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordia furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. From these results, depth and 2D pattern of primordial surficial furrow are likely to be regulated independently during the development and both of change can alter the final 3D shape.Author SummaryIn insects, some large structure is made under the old exoskeleton before the molting. Long horn of rhino-beetle is one of extreme cases. The beetle horn is compactly packed as furrowed primordia under the larval exoskeleton. At molting, the primordia is extended to form its final 3D horn shape as blowing up furrows like a balloon. This transformation from primordia to final horn does not required any living cell activities. Thus, characteristics of furrows of primordia actually determine the final 3D shape. However, molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of furrow formation is not well understood not only in beetle horn but also in any other insects. In this study, by using beetle horn as a model, we addressed what kind of genetic factors are contributed to primordial furrow formation. By gene knockdown screening, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed primordial furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. In both case, final horn shapes were disturbed. From these results, we concluded that both of the depth and 2D pattern of primordial furrow can contribute final shape, but their development is controlled independently.

scholarly journals Computational analyses decipher the primordial folding coding the 3D structure of the beetle horn

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh ◽  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Yasuhiro Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Angular Change ◽  
Epithelial Sheet ◽  
Computational Analyses

AbstractThe beetle horn primordium is a complex and compactly folded epithelial sheet located beneath the larval cuticle. Only by unfolding the primordium can the complete 3D shape of the horn appear, suggesting that the morphology of beetle horns is encoded in the primordial folding pattern. To decipher the folding pattern, we developed a method to manipulate the primordial local folding on a computer and clarified the contribution of the folding of each primordium region to transformation. We found that the three major morphological changes (branching of distal tips, proximodistal elongation, and angular change) were caused by the folding of different regions, and that the folding mechanism also differs according to the region. The computational methods we used are applicable to the morphological study of other exoskeletal animals.

Computational analyses decipher the primordial folding coding the 3D structure of the beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh ◽  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Yasuhiro Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Angular Change ◽  
Epithelial Sheet ◽  
Computational Analyses

Abstract The beetle horn primordium is a complex and compactly folded epithelial sheet located beneath the larval cuticle. Only by unfolding the primordium the complete 3D shape of the horn appears, suggesting that the morphology of beetle horns is coded in the primordial folding pattern. To decipher the folding pattern, we have developed a method to manipulate the primordial local folding, reproduced it on a computer, and clarified the contribution of the folding of each primordium region to transformation. We found that the three major morphological changes (branching of distal tips, proximodistal elongation, and angular change) were caused by the folding of different regions, and that the folding mechanism was also different depending on the region. The computational methods we used are applicable to the morphological study of other exoskeletal animals.

Development of 3D patterns for functional outdoor pants based on skin length deformation during movement

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heeran Lee ◽  
Kyunghi Hong ◽  
Yejin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Skin Deformation ◽  
Medial Thigh ◽  
2D Pattern

Purpose The seams of slim fit outdoor pants can be uncomfortable or even restrict body movement. To reduce discomfort, the authors need to determine optimal cutting lines in various designs that do not interfere with body movement. The purpose of this paper is to apply skin deformation mapping during movement to the ergonomic design of outdoor pants, focusing in particular on the 2D pattern generation of the crotch area in a 3D shape during movement. Design/methodology/approach A 3D shape and skin length deformation of the lower body were observed, including the crotch area, which is difficult to examine on the human body. To design ergonomic and streamlined outdoor pants, the authors selected seam lines where the changes in skin deformation are at their minimum based on the skin deformation mapping. In addition, the inseam along the medial thigh close to the crotch was removed to adjust the skin length of these areas, thereby increasing the extensible area of fabric necessary to adjust to a skin deformation. After selecting the seam lines, each of the 3D pattern blocks was generated by means of a 2D flattening method. In addition, the stress distribution of overlapped replica blocks along the crotch line during the 2D flattening process is a main independent factor to avoid deteriorating lower body movement as well as a good appearance. Findings Based on the results of skin deformation mapping of a human subject, this study suggested that it is best that the design line crosses where there is no skin deformation possible. And the pants were developed without the inner seam line at the upper medial thigh because of skin deformation of a large range of ±6 percent in the upper medial thigh during a 90° knee flexion or in the squatting down position. In a wear test, the developed 3D pattern without an inseam was rated higher than that with an inseam. This verified that removing the inseam, to prevent skin deformation of the medial upper thigh during knee flexion and squatting, is a logical decision. Regarding the correction of the overlapping area during arrangement of the replica, the appearance of the front of the pants was improved when 80 percent of the overlapping area was distributed near the point of the error source, which is the front of the male’s crotch line. Originality/value In this study, the crotch area, which has been difficult to observe in previous studies, were observed thoroughly and it was found that the length of the crotch curve did not increase during movement. In addition, skin deformation was mapped during a 90° knee flexion or in the squatting down position. It is expected that the overall process of developing 3D streamlined outdoor pants from 3D skin deformation mapping can be expanded to the development of patterns for other customized functional pants.

scholarly journals Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Campagnoli ◽  
Bethany Hung ◽  
Fulvio Domini
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Shape Estimation ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Depth Cue

AbstractIn a previous series of experiments using virtual stimuli, we found evidence that 3D shape estimation agrees to a superadditivity rule of depth-cue combination. According to this rule, adding depth cues leads to greater perceived depth magnitudes and, in principle, to depth overestimation. The mechanism underlying the superadditivity effect can be fully accounted for by a normative theory of cue integration, through the adaptation of a model of cue integration termed the Intrinsic Constraint (IC) model. As for its nature, it remains unclear whether superadditivity is a byproduct of the artificial nature of virtual environments, causing explicit reasoning to infiltrate behavior and inflate the depth judgments when a scene is richer in depth cues, or the genuine output of the process of depth-cue integration. In the present study, we addressed this question by testing whether the IC model’s prediction of superadditivity generalizes beyond VR environments to real world situations. We asked participants to judge the perceived 3D shape of cardboard prisms through a matching task. To assay the potential influence of explicit control over those perceptual estimates, we also asked participants to reach and hold the same objects with their fingertips and we analyzed the in-flight grip size during the reaching. Using physical objects ensured that all visual information was fully consistent with the stimuli’s 3D structure without computer-generated artifacts. We designed a novel technique to carefully control binocular and monocular 3D cues independently from one another, allowing to add or remove depth information from the scene seamlessly. Even with real objects, participants exhibited a clear superadditivity effect in both explicit and implicit tasks. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect was accurately predicted by the IC model. These results confirm that superadditivity is an inherent feature of depth estimation.

scholarly journals Rhinoceros beetle horn development reveals deep parallels with dung beetles

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e1007651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ohde ◽  
Shinichi Morita ◽  
Shuji Shigenobu ◽  
Junko Morita ◽  
Takeshi Mizutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
Horn Development

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Disparity-Defined Shape Discrimination in the Human Brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1553-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandramouli Chandrasekaran ◽  
Victor Canon ◽  
Johannes C. Dahmen ◽  
Zoe Kourtzi ◽  
Andrew E. Welchman
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Shape Discrimination ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Contour Segmentation ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
3D Shape Perception

Binocular disparity, the slight differences between the images registered by our two eyes, provides an important cue when estimating the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the complex environment we inhabit. Sensitivity to binocular disparity is evident at multiple levels of the visual hierarchy in the primate brain, from early visual cortex to parietal and temporal areas. However, the relationship between activity in these areas and key perceptual functions that exploit disparity information for 3D shape perception remains an important open question. Here we investigate the link between human cortical activity and the perception of disparity-defined shape, measuring fMRI responses concurrently with psychophysical shape judgments. We parametrically degraded the coherence of shapes by shuffling the spatial position of dots whose disparity defined the 3D structure and investigated the effect of this stimulus manipulation on both cortical activity and shape discrimination. We report significant relationships between shape coherence and fMRI response in both dorsal (V3, hMT+/V5) and ventral (LOC) visual areas that correspond to the observers' discrimination performance. In contrast to previous suggestions of a dichotomy of disparity-related processes in the ventral and dorsal streams, these findings are consistent with proposed interactions between these pathways that may mediate a continuum of processes important in perceiving 3D shape from coarse contour segmentation to fine curvature estimation.

3D STRUCTURE FROM MOTION WITH FOURIER DESCRIPTOR TRANSFORMATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 1355006
Author(s):  
GAMAL F. ELHADY
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Motion Estimation ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Correspondence Problem ◽  
Fourier Descriptor ◽  
Shape Estimation ◽  
3D Motion ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Shift Rotation

The simultaneous recovery of three-dimensional (3D) structure from motion (SfM) for the sequences of images, is one of the more difficult problems in computer vision. Classical approaches to the problem rely on using algebraic techniques to solve for these unknowns given two or more image. Motion analysis and 3D shape estimation based on the estimated motion is an important problem in computer vision. The correspondence problem is an important tool in SfM where in this paper a general 3D motion based on a simple rotation, tilt, roll and translation is proposed, and then is used for 3D shape estimation. The current work expands the 2D motion estimation (shift, rotation) to accommodate general 3D motion (shift, rotation, tilt and roll). The proposed work in this paper of motion estimation of moving object is based on Fourier Descriptor Transformation (FDT) analysis before and after motion. The FDT is also used to resolve the correspondence problem in a sequence of images. We test our method on several large-scale photo collections, show the efficacy of the introduced approach to improve reconstruction accuracy.

The low-resolution 3D-structure of porin, a channel-forming protein in E. coliouter membranes

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
A. Engel ◽  
D.L. Dorset ◽  
A. Massalski ◽  
J.P. Rosenbusch
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Packing ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Planar Membranes ◽  
Hexagonal Arrays

Porins represent a group of channel forming proteins that facilitate diffusion of small solutes across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, while excluding large molecules (>650 Da). Planar membranes reconstituted from purified matrix porin (OmpF protein) trimers and phospholipids have allowed quantitative functional studies of the voltage-dependent channels and revealed concerted activation of triplets. Under the same reconstitution conditions but using high protein concentrations porin aggregated to 2D lattices suitable for electron microscopy and image processing. Depending on the lipid-to- protein ratio three different crystal packing arrangements were observed: a large (a = 93 Å) and a small (a = 79 Å) hexagonal and a rectangular (a = 79 Å b = 139 Å) form with p3 symmetry for the hexagonal arrays. In all crystal forms distinct stain filled triplet indentations could be seen and were found to be morphologically identical within a resolution of (22 Å). It is tempting to correlate stain triplets with triple channels, but the proof of this hypothesis requires an analysis of the structure in 3 dimensions.

3-D optical transfer in excitation field synthesis microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Vijay Krishnamurthi ◽  
Brent Bailey ◽  
Frederick Lanni
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Optical Transfer Function ◽  
Excitation Field ◽  
Optical Transfer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Focus Plane

Excitation field synthesis (EFS) refers to the use of an interference optical system in a direct-imaging microscope to improve 3D resolution by axially-selective excitation of fluorescence within a specimen. The excitation field can be thought of as a weighting factor for the point-spread function (PSF) of the microscope, so that the optical transfer function (OTF) gets expanded by convolution with the Fourier transform of the field intensity. The simplest EFS system is the standing-wave fluorescence microscope, in which an axially-periodic excitation field is set up through the specimen by interference of a pair of collimated, coherent, s-polarized beams that enter the specimen from opposite sides at matching angles. In this case, spatial information about the object is recovered in the central OTF passband, plus two symmetric, axially-shifted sidebands. Gaps between these bands represent "lost" information about the 3D structure of the object. Because the sideband shift is equal to the spatial frequency of the standing-wave (SW) field, more complete recovery of information is possible by superposition of fields having different periods. When all of the fields have an antinode at a common plane (set to be coincident with the in-focus plane), the "synthesized" field is peaked in a narrow infocus zone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document