Computational analyses decipher the primordial folding coding the 3D structure of the beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh ◽  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Yasuhiro Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Angular Change ◽  
Epithelial Sheet ◽  
Computational Analyses

Abstract The beetle horn primordium is a complex and compactly folded epithelial sheet located beneath the larval cuticle. Only by unfolding the primordium the complete 3D shape of the horn appears, suggesting that the morphology of beetle horns is coded in the primordial folding pattern. To decipher the folding pattern, we have developed a method to manipulate the primordial local folding, reproduced it on a computer, and clarified the contribution of the folding of each primordium region to transformation. We found that the three major morphological changes (branching of distal tips, proximodistal elongation, and angular change) were caused by the folding of different regions, and that the folding mechanism was also different depending on the region. The computational methods we used are applicable to the morphological study of other exoskeletal animals.

scholarly journals Computational analyses decipher the primordial folding coding the 3D structure of the beetle horn

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh ◽  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Yasuhiro Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Angular Change ◽  
Epithelial Sheet ◽  
Computational Analyses

AbstractThe beetle horn primordium is a complex and compactly folded epithelial sheet located beneath the larval cuticle. Only by unfolding the primordium can the complete 3D shape of the horn appear, suggesting that the morphology of beetle horns is encoded in the primordial folding pattern. To decipher the folding pattern, we developed a method to manipulate the primordial local folding on a computer and clarified the contribution of the folding of each primordium region to transformation. We found that the three major morphological changes (branching of distal tips, proximodistal elongation, and angular change) were caused by the folding of different regions, and that the folding mechanism also differs according to the region. The computational methods we used are applicable to the morphological study of other exoskeletal animals.

scholarly journals Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that prefigures 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi ◽  
Shigeru Kondo ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Developmental Mechanism ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
Folding Pattern ◽  
Genetical Control ◽  
Developmental Patterning ◽  
2D Pattern ◽  
Horn Development

Abstract The head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as an extensively folded primordium before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is prefigured in the folding pattern of the developing primordium. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordium is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of furrows at the surface of the primordium that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown analysis via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordial furrow depth without affecting the 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordial furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. Our results show how the depth and 2D pattern of primordial surface furrows are regulated at least partially independently during beetle horn development, and how both can alter the final 3D shape of the horn.

scholarly journals Revealing the True Morphological Structure of Macroporous Soft Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6672
Author(s):  
Bohumila Podhorská ◽  
Miroslav Vetrík ◽  
Eva Chylíková-Krumbholcová ◽  
Lucie Kománková ◽  
Niloufar Rashedi Banafshehvaragh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Hydrogel Scaffolds

(1) Background: Macroporous hydrogel scaffolds based on poly [N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] are one of the widely studied biocompatible materials for tissue reparation and regeneration. This study investigated the morphological changes during hydrogel characterization which can significantly influence their future application. (2) Methods: Three types of macroporous soft hydrogels differing in pore size were prepared. The macroporosity was achieved by the addition of sacrificial template particles of sodium chloride of various sizes (0–30, 30–50, and 50–90 µm) to the polymerizing mixture. The 3D structure of the hydrogels was then investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The SEM was performed with specimens rapidly frozen to various temperatures, while non-frozen gels were visualized with LSCM. (3 and 4) Results and Conclusion: In comparison to LSCM, the SEM images revealed a significant alteration in the mean pore size and appearance of newly formed multiple connections between the pores, depending on the freezing conditions. Additionally, after freezing for SEM, the gel matrix between the pores and the fine pores collapsed. LSCM visualization aided the understanding of the dynamics of pore generation using sodium chloride, providing the direct observation of hydrogel scaffolds with the growing cells. Moreover, the reconstructed confocal z-stacks were a promising tool to quantify the swollen hydrogel volume reconstruction which is not possible with SEM.

Picture grammars in classification and semantic interpretation of 3D coronary vessels visualisations

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ogiela ◽  
R. Tadeusiewicz ◽  
M. Trzupek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Helical Ct ◽  
Multimedia Databases ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Vascular Tree

AbstractThe work presents the new opportunity for making semantic descriptions and analysis of medical structures, especially coronary vessels CT spatial reconstructions, with the use of AI graph-based linguistic formalisms. In the paper there will be discussed the manners of applying methods of computational intelligence to the development of a syntactic semantic description of spatial visualisations of the heart’s coronary vessels. Such descriptions may be used for both smart ordering of images while archiving them and for their semantic searches in medical multimedia databases. Presented methodology of analysis can furthermore be used for attaining other goals related performance of computer-assisted semantic interpretation of selected elements and/or the entire 3D structure of the coronary vascular tree. These goals are achieved through the use of graph-based image formalisms based on IE graphs generating grammars that allow discovering and automatic semantic interpretation of irregularities visualised on the images obtained during diagnostic examinations of the heart muscle. The basis for the construction of 3D reconstructions of biological objects used in this work are visualisations obtained from helical CT scans, yet the method itself may be applied also for other methods of medical 3D images acquisition. The obtained semantic information makes it possible to make a description of the structure focused on the semantics of various morphological forms of the visualised vessels from the point of view of the operation of coronary circulation and the blood supply of the heart muscle. Thanks to these, the analysis conducted allows fast and — to a great degree — automated interpretation of the semantics of various morphological changes in the coronary vascular tree, and especially makes it possible to detect these stenoses in the lumen of the vessels that can cause critical decrease in blood supply to extensive or especially important fragments of the heart muscle.

Morphological changes in the ampula of the uterine tubes in different periods of life of giving women

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
I. A. Balandina ◽  
◽  
A. M. Nekrasova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

The aim of the study is to determine the dynamics of morphological changes in the ampullae of the fallopian tubes at different age periods of life using autopsy material from women giving birth. Materials and research methods. The analysis of the results of a complex morphological study of the ampullae of the fallopian tubes of 150 corpses of giving birth women of adolescence, the first and second periods of adulthood, elderly and old age was carried out. Results. The histological picture revealed regular atrophic changes in all layers of the wall of the ampulla of the fallopian tube. When comparing the mean values in five age groups according to the Kruskell-Wallis test, statistically significant differences in the length of the epithelial lining in the transverse section of the ampulla of the right and left fallopian tubes (p < 0,001), as well as the wall thickness of the ampulla of the right and left fallopian tubes (p < 0,001) have been identified. Conclusion. The results of the study supplement the literature data on morphological changes in the fallopian tube and can be used as a standard reference.

scholarly journals Human foetal stomach : a morphological study

2013 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 075-081
Author(s):  
Roy Nivedita ◽  
Roy Sagnik
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Thoracic Stomach ◽  
Lesser Curvature

Abstract Background and aims : The morphology of human stomach is subjected to wide variations and changes during developmental stage. Congenital anomalies of stomach like hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and thoracic stomach are common in new barns. Some rare anomalies like duplication, diverticula and hypoplasia of stomach also may occur. The present study attempts to analyze the morphological changes like change in shape, height, width, length of greater and lesser curvatures, capacity and localization of stomach in the quadrants of abdomen in different age groups of human foetuses and also to look for congenital anomalies. Materials and methods: Fifty normal fresh still born foetuses of age varying from 15 to 40 weeks were dissected and morphological study was carried out. Parameters like height, width, length of greater and lesser curvature,capacity of stomach were measured and location, shape, internal appearance of stomach were noted. Results: Significant changes in shape and in location of stomach in different quadrants of the abdomen were found in different foetal age groups. Localization of stomach is seen as that in adults by 25th week of foetal age. Typical 'J' shaped stomach is seen by 28th week of foetal age. Height, width, length of greater and lesser curvatures and capacity of stomach increased with increasing foetal age. A sudden increase in width was seen at 17th week and a sudden increase in height was noted at 25th week. Well developed rugae and gastric canal were seen in inner surface of stomach by 28th week. Capacity of stomach increased from 1 ml at 15th week tom 32 ml at 40th week. Conclusion: The obsevations of the present study show that morphology and location of the stomach in different age groups show great variations. This study may help in study of development of stomach and in diagnosis of different developmental anomalies, ailments and pathology of stomach.

scholarly journals Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Campagnoli ◽  
Bethany Hung ◽  
Fulvio Domini
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Shape Estimation ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Depth Cue

AbstractIn a previous series of experiments using virtual stimuli, we found evidence that 3D shape estimation agrees to a superadditivity rule of depth-cue combination. According to this rule, adding depth cues leads to greater perceived depth magnitudes and, in principle, to depth overestimation. The mechanism underlying the superadditivity effect can be fully accounted for by a normative theory of cue integration, through the adaptation of a model of cue integration termed the Intrinsic Constraint (IC) model. As for its nature, it remains unclear whether superadditivity is a byproduct of the artificial nature of virtual environments, causing explicit reasoning to infiltrate behavior and inflate the depth judgments when a scene is richer in depth cues, or the genuine output of the process of depth-cue integration. In the present study, we addressed this question by testing whether the IC model’s prediction of superadditivity generalizes beyond VR environments to real world situations. We asked participants to judge the perceived 3D shape of cardboard prisms through a matching task. To assay the potential influence of explicit control over those perceptual estimates, we also asked participants to reach and hold the same objects with their fingertips and we analyzed the in-flight grip size during the reaching. Using physical objects ensured that all visual information was fully consistent with the stimuli’s 3D structure without computer-generated artifacts. We designed a novel technique to carefully control binocular and monocular 3D cues independently from one another, allowing to add or remove depth information from the scene seamlessly. Even with real objects, participants exhibited a clear superadditivity effect in both explicit and implicit tasks. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect was accurately predicted by the IC model. These results confirm that superadditivity is an inherent feature of depth estimation.

scholarly journals Genetical control of 2D pattern and depth of the primordial furrow that codes 3D shape of the rhinoceros beetle horn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Adachi ◽  
Keisuke Matsuda ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi ◽  
Shigeru Kondo ◽  
Hiroki Gotoh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Rhinoceros Beetle ◽  
Blowing Up ◽  
Developmental Patterning ◽  
2D Pattern

AbstractThe head horn of the Asian rhinoceros beetle develops as extensively folded primordia before unfurling into its final 3D shape at the pupal molt. The information of the final 3D structure of the beetle horn is encoded in the folding pattern of the developing primordia. However, the developmental mechanism underlying epithelial folding of the primordia is unknown. In this study, we addressed this gap in our understanding of the developmental patterning of the 3D horn shape of beetles by focusing on the formation of surficial furrows that become the bifurcated 3D shape of the horn. By gene knockdown screening via RNAi, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed overall horn primordia furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D horn primordia furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. From these results, depth and 2D pattern of primordial surficial furrow are likely to be regulated independently during the development and both of change can alter the final 3D shape.Author SummaryIn insects, some large structure is made under the old exoskeleton before the molting. Long horn of rhino-beetle is one of extreme cases. The beetle horn is compactly packed as furrowed primordia under the larval exoskeleton. At molting, the primordia is extended to form its final 3D horn shape as blowing up furrows like a balloon. This transformation from primordia to final horn does not required any living cell activities. Thus, characteristics of furrows of primordia actually determine the final 3D shape. However, molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of furrow formation is not well understood not only in beetle horn but also in any other insects. In this study, by using beetle horn as a model, we addressed what kind of genetic factors are contributed to primordial furrow formation. By gene knockdown screening, we found that knockdown of the gene Notch disturbed primordial furrow depth without affecting 2D furrow pattern. In contrast, knockdown of CyclinE altered 2D furrow pattern without affecting furrow depth. In both case, final horn shapes were disturbed. From these results, we concluded that both of the depth and 2D pattern of primordial furrow can contribute final shape, but their development is controlled independently.

Lumbosacral vertebral compression syndrome

1980 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
H. M. Shulman ◽  
N. P. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Compression Syndrome ◽  
Neuromuscular Apparatus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Roots

The clinical picture of the lesion and the results of a morphological study of a patient with osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine with compression of the spinal roots are described. Morphological changes of a degenerative-dystrophic nature were found not only in the formations located in the compression focus, but also in the peripheral neuromuscular apparatus, segmental and suprasegmental structures of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Computational modeling of RNA 3D structure based on experimental data

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Almudena Ponce-Salvatierra ◽  
Astha ◽  
Katarzyna Merdas ◽  
Chandran Nithin ◽  
Pritha Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Rna Structures ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Rna Molecules

Abstract RNA molecules are master regulators of cells. They are involved in a variety of molecular processes: they transmit genetic information, sense cellular signals and communicate responses, and even catalyze chemical reactions. As in the case of proteins, RNA function is dictated by its structure and by its ability to adopt different conformations, which in turn is encoded in the sequence. Experimental determination of high-resolution RNA structures is both laborious and difficult, and therefore the majority of known RNAs remain structurally uncharacterized. To address this problem, predictive computational methods were developed based on the accumulated knowledge of RNA structures determined so far, the physical basis of the RNA folding, and taking into account evolutionary considerations, such as conservation of functionally important motifs. However, all theoretical methods suffer from various limitations, and they are generally unable to accurately predict structures for RNA sequences longer than 100-nt residues unless aided by additional experimental data. In this article, we review experimental methods that can generate data usable by computational methods, as well as computational approaches for RNA structure prediction that can utilize data from experimental analyses. We outline methods and data types that can be potentially useful for RNA 3D structure modeling but are not commonly used by the existing software, suggesting directions for future development.

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