scholarly journals Indigenous sex-selective salmon harvesting demonstrates pre-contact marine resource management in Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Morin ◽  
Thomas C. A. Royle ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Camilla Speller ◽  
Miguel Alcaide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Coast Salish ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Selective Harvesting ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Selective Harvest

AbstractTo gain insight into pre-contact Coast Salish fishing practices, we used new palaeogenetic analytical techniques to assign sex identifications to salmonid bones from four archaeological sites in Burrard Inlet (Tsleil-Waut), British Columbia, Canada, dating between about 2300–1000 BP (ca. 400 BCE–CE 1200). Our results indicate that male chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were preferentially targeted at two of the four sampled archaeological sites. Because a single male salmon can mate with several females, selectively harvesting male salmon can increase a fishery’s maximum sustainable harvest. We suggest such selective harvesting of visually distinctive male spawning chum salmon was a common practice, most effectively undertaken at wooden weirs spanning small salmon rivers and streams. We argue that this selective harvesting of males is indicative of an ancient and probably geographically widespread practice for ensuring sustainable salmon populations. The archaeological data presented here confirms earlier ethnographic accounts describing the selective harvest of male salmon.

Biochemical Genetic Survey and Stock Identification of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1702-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
A. P. Gould ◽  
R. E. Withler ◽  
C. B. Murray ◽  
L. W. Barner
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands

We examined genetic variability using electrophoretic analysis of 83 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stocks in British Columbia and used regional differences in genotypic frequencies of seven polymorphic loci to estimate stock compositions in a number of commercial and experimental test fisheries. Chum salmon from five regions could be discriminated: Queen Charlotte islands, north and central coast, west coast of Vancouver Island, the Fraser River and its tributaries, and the south coast (rivers draining into Johnstone Strait and the Strait of Georgia). Allelic frequencies from 33 stocks were generally stable over a period of 2 yr or more. South coast chum salmon was the dominant run migrating through upper Johnstone Strait in October 1982–85. The genetic method of stock identification provided managers with the relative proportions of Fraser River and other groups of chum salmon in a number of fisheries and allowed managers to regulate more effectively the exploitation rate of Fraser River chum salmon.

Population structure and stock identification of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from British Columbia determined with microsatellite DNA variation

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1002-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Brian Spilsted ◽  
Khai D. Le ◽  
Michael Wetklo
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Regional Estimates ◽  
Mixed Stock

Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was surveyed in 205 populations of chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) from British Columbia to determine population structure and the possible application of microsatellites to estimate stock composition of chum salmon in mixed-stock fisheries. The genetic differentiation index (FST) over all populations and loci was 0.016, with individual locus values ranging from 0.006 to 0.059. Sixteen regional stocks were defined in British Columbia for stock identification applications. Analysis of simulated fishery samples suggested that accurate and precise regional estimates of stock composition should be produced when the microsatellites were used to estimate stock compositions. The main stocks that constitute the October 2007 samples of migrating chum salmon through Johnstone Strait in southern British Columbia were Fraser River (45%–64%), southern British Columbia mainland (22%), and east coast Vancouver Island (13%–28%), within the range of those to be expected in samples from Johnstone Strait. Microsatellites have the ability to provide fine-scale resolution of stock composition in British Columbia coastal fisheries.

Genetic Relationships Among Chum Salmon Populations in Southeast Alaska and Northern British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kondzela ◽  
C. M. Guthrie ◽  
S. L. Hawkins ◽  
C. d. Russell ◽  
J. H. Helle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Mixed Stock

Allozymes from 46 loci were analyzed from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) collected at 61 locations in southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. Of the 42 variable loci, 21 had a common allele frequency <0.95. We observed significant heterogeneity within and among six regional groups: central southeast Alaska, Prince of Wales Island area, southern southeast Alaska – northern British Columbia, north-central British Columbia, and two groups in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Genetic variation among regions was significantly greater than within regions. The three island groups were distinct from each other and from the mainland populations. Allele frequencies were stable over time in 14 of 15 locations sampled for more than 1 yr. The geographic basis for heterogeneity among regions is confounded in part by spawning-time differences. The Prince of Wales and Queen Charlotte populations spawn in the fall; the mainland populations spawn mainly in the summer, although some overlap exists. Overall, most genetic diversity (97%) occurred within sampling locations; the remaining diversity was distributed almost equally within and among regions. Our genetic data may provide fishery managers a means to estimate stock composition in the mixed-stock fisheries near this boundary between the United States and Canada.

Biochemical Genetic Stock Identification of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Southern British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
Allan P. Gould
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta

We used electrophoresis to examine genetic variability of 33 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stocks in southern British Columbia and used differences in genotypic frequencies among these stocks for estimating stock compositions in a weekly fishery in upper Johnstone Strait. Seven polymorphic loci were used for stock identification. Chum salmon from the Fraser River, Bute and Toba inlets, Vancouver Island, and the southern Mainland had significantly different allelic frequencies, but there was also significant heterogeneity in allelic frequencies at some loci within each region. Allelic frequencies were generally stable over a 2-yr period in nine stocks for which consecutive annual sampling was conducted. There was no significant two-locus linkage disequilibrium for the chum salmon stocks surveyed. Cluster analysis indicated that Fraser River and Bute and Toba Inlet stocks were distinctive, but Vancouver Island and Mainland stocks were not. The timing and relative abundance of Fraser River chum salmon in upper Johnstone Strait as estimated by electrophoretic analysis was confirmed by an in-river test fishery in the Fraser River.

scholarly journals Genome assembly, transcriptome and SNP database for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B Rondeau ◽  
Kris A. Christensen ◽  
Dionne Sakhrani ◽  
Carlo A Biagi ◽  
Mike Wetklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Linkage Group ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Pacific

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is the species with the widest geographic range of the anadromous Pacific salmonids,. Chum salmon is the second largest of the Pacific salmon, behind Chinook salmon, and considered the most plentiful Pacific salmon by overall biomass. This species is of significant commercial and economic importance: on average the commercial chum salmon fishery has the second highest processed value of the Pacific salmon within British Columbia. The aim of this work was to establish genomic baseline resources for this species. Our first step to accomplish this goal was to generate a chum salmon reference genome assembly from a doubled-haploid chum salmon. Gene annotation of this genome was facilitated by an extensive RNA-seq database we were able to create from multiple tissues. Range-wide resequencing of chum salmon genomes allowed us to categorize genome-wide geographic variation, which in turn reinforced the idea that genetic differentiation was best described on a regional, rather than at a stock-specific, level. Within British Columbia, chum salmon regional groupings were described at the conservation unit (CU) level, and there may be substructure within particular CUs. Genome wide associations of phenotypic sex to SNP genetic markers identified two clear peaks, a very strong peak on Linkage Group 15, and another on Linkage Group 3. With these new resources, we were better able to characterize the sex-determining region and gain further insights into sex determination in chum salmon and the general biology of this species.

Created and Restored Marshes in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia: Summary of their Functioning as Fish Habitat

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
CD. Levings ◽  
D.J.H. Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Transplant Site

Abstract Ecological comparisons of transplanted, natural (reference) and disrupted (unvegetated) marsh sites on the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, were conducted between 1991 and 1994. The study examined vegetative biomass and cover, invertebrate abundance, fish abundance, fish residency, fish food, and submergence time for the three habitats. Standing crop biomass at three transplant sites was within the range of values for reference sites, but was much lower at an unstable site where sediment slumping had occurred. The percent cover of Lyngbyei's sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in eight transplant sites was 0.05) was observed among marsh sites when chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) fry abundance were compared. However, chinook and sockeye smolt catches were significantly different (p&gt;0.05) was observed among marsh sites when chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) fry abundance were compared. However, chinook and sockeye smolt catches were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) among marsh sites and were usually higher at disrupted sites. In nine sites in the North Arm and Deas Slough area chum fry residency was examined. At one transplant site (DEI) marked chum fry were caught up to 48 h after release. No fry were caught 1 h after release at a transplant site (Dll) and a disrupted site (DE4). At the remaining sites, fry were caught up to 1 and 3 h after release. At all sites, over 80% of the total number of food organisms examined in chum fry stomachs were harpacticoid copepods. Mean submergence time for reference marshes ranged from 33.2 to 50.7%, but for transplanted sites the value ranged from 26.4 to 60.1%. Our study shows that numerous factors need to be examined in determining if restored marshes will function as natural habitats. The development of a standardized set of reference criteria would assist in evaluating whether or not transplanted marshes are functioning as designed.

Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxosporida) Disease in Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1640-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Margolis ◽  
T. P. T. Evelyn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
New Host ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

Infections with the myxosporidan Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 were confirmed in four juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caught at sea near Nanaimo in 1965 and 1968. These cases represent a new host record for C. shasta and a northward extension of the parasite’s known natural range. Ceratomyxosis was also presumptively diagnosed in a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in British Columbia.

Adaptive Variation in Body Size, Age, Morphology, Egg Size, and Developmental Biology of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
C. B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stocks in British Columbia spawning from August through January and in rivers of different size were surveyed for variation in sex ratios, age composition, meristic characters, morphology, and developmental biology. Males were more abundant than females at the younger (2 and 3 yr of age) and older (5 and 6 yr of age) age-classes. Males had larger heads, thicker caudal peduncles, and larger dorsal fins than did females, but females had larger anal fins than did males. Stocks from large rivers had larger heads, thicker caudal peduncles, and larger fins than did those from small rivers. Chum salmon in an area characterized by a lower number of gillrakers also had a lower number of branchiostegal rays. At the same incubation temperature, alevin hatching time was similar for all stocks examined except those from the Queen Charlotte Islands, which was later than the other stocks. Early-spawning stocks had older fish, larger eggs, and later times of fry emergence than did late-spawning stocks. Late-spawning stocks had higher survival rates of embryos at 4 °C than did early-spawning ones. Stocks had different trends in alevin and fry length and weight with respect to incubation temperature. Northern stocks were more efficient than southern stocks at converting egg yolk to fry body weight at low incubation temperatures (4 °C). Selection has produced stocks adapted to the various environments that they encounter in their natal streams, allowing chum salmon to exploit a wide variety of spawning habitats in British Columbia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document