scholarly journals Cell-free synthetic biochemistry upgrading of ethanol to 1,3 butanediol

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjiang Liu ◽  
James U. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Maximum Productivity ◽  
Formate Oxidation ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Proof Of Principle

AbstractIt is now possible to efficiently fix flue gas CO/CO2 into ethanol using acetogens, thereby making carbon negative ethanol. While the ethanol could be burned as a fuel, returning the CO2 to the atmosphere, it might also be possible to use the fixed carbon in more diverse chemicals, thereby keeping it fixed. Here we describe a simple synthetic biochemistry approach for converting carbon negative ethanol into the synthetic building block chemical 1,3 butanediol (1,3-BDO). The pathway completely conserves carbon from ethanol and can ultimately be powered electrochemically via formate oxidation. Our proof-of-principle system reached a maximum productivity of 0.16 g/L/h and, with replenishment of feedstock and enzymes, achieved a titer of 7.7 g/L. We identify a number of elements that can be addressed in future work to improve both cell-free and cell-based production of 1,3-BDO.

Low CO2 Power Generation Options and Their Environmental Impact

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bower ◽  
S. H. Goldthorpe ◽  
G. Fynes
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Disposal Options ◽  
Gas Separator ◽  
Integrated Gasification ◽  
Future Work

The Global Warming R&D Programme at the Coal Research Establishment is evaluating options for removing CO2 from coal-fired power plant. The aim is to identify coal-based technologies with minimal emissions of CO2 as contingency planning in case the most pessimistic fears of warming are realised. Two promising options based on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle have been identified, so far. One incorporates a conventional CO shift conversion step and a physical solvent scrubbing process to remove 90% of the CO2 and 99% of the H2S. The second approach is conceptual, using CO shift but also a membrane gas separator. The gas turbine would be fired with hydrogen in both cases. A discussion of the environmental impact of these schemes suggests that they would be very much cleaner than current technology using Pulverised Fuel combustion with Flue Gas Desulphurisation. CO2 disposal options and needs for future work are also discussed.

Reburning of Cattle Manure-Based Biomass With Coals in a Small Scale Boiler Burner Facility for NOx and Hg Reduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyukjin Oh ◽  
Kalyan Annamalai ◽  
John Sweeten
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Molecular Nitrogen ◽  
Pulverized Coal ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Boiler Burner ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Reburning of cattle manure-based biomass (CB) with coals is performed to develop environmentally friendly thermo-chemical energy conversion technologies for NOx reductions and Hg captures and removals from existing pulverized coal-fired power plants. A small-scale (30 kWth) down-fired boiler burner facility has been used for burning most types of pulverized solid fuels including coal and biomass. Blends of CB and coals are used as reburn fuels. It has hypothesized that a major fraction of the fuel-N in the CB is released in the form of NH3 or urea. In the reburn process, therefore, it is believed that NOx produced by coal is reduced to molecular nitrogen by NH3 released from the pyrolysis of CB under slightly fuel-rich conditions. The CB also contains larger amounts of chlorine (Cl) than most types of coals. Hence gaseous mercury (Hg) in the flue gas is oxidized by large amounts of Cl species mainly from the CB combustion. Consequently, the results indicate that the CB can serve as a very effective fuel supplementing coals on NOx reductions and Hg captures and removals in pulverized coal-fired boilers. It was also found that the auto-gasification occurred during the pyrolysis due to the oxygen available in the fuel mainly helped for burning fixed carbon.

Present status of radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Future Work

A summary of results for radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km and priorities for future work are given.

A Phonomotor Approach to Apraxia of Speech Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2130
Author(s):  
Lauren Bislick
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Future Work

Purpose This study continued Phase I investigation of a modified Phonomotor Treatment (PMT) Program on motor planning in two individuals with apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia and, with support from prior work, refined Phase I methodology for treatment intensity and duration, a measure of communicative participation, and the use of effect size benchmarks specific to AOS. Method A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across behaviors and participants was used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of treatment effects 8–10 weeks posttreatment. Treatment was distributed 3 days a week, and duration of treatment was specific to each participant (criterion based). Experimental stimuli consisted of target sounds or clusters embedded nonwords and real words, specific to each participants' deficit. Results Findings show improved repetition accuracy for targets in trained nonwords, generalization to targets in untrained nonwords and real words, and maintenance of treatment effects at 10 weeks posttreatment for one participant and more variable outcomes for the other participant. Conclusions Results indicate that a modified version of PMT can promote generalization and maintenance of treatment gains for trained speech targets via a multimodal approach emphasizing repeated exposure and practice. While these results are promising, the frequent co-occurrence of AOS and aphasia warrants a treatment that addresses both motor planning and linguistic deficits. Thus, the application of traditional PMT with participant-specific modifications for AOS embedded into the treatment program may be a more effective approach. Future work will continue to examine and maximize improvements in motor planning, while also treating anomia in aphasia.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Long and Short Forms of the Worry Domains Questionnaire

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Roberto Nuevo ◽  
Andrés Losada ◽  
María Márquez-González ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Future Work

The Worry Domains Questionnaire was proposed as a measure of both pathological and nonpathological worry, and assesses the frequency of worrying about five different domains: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the long and short forms of the WDQ (WDQ and WDQ-SF, respectively) through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 262 students (M age = 21.8; SD = 2.6; 86.3% females). While the goodness-of-fit indices did not provide support for the WDQ, good fit indices were found for the WDQ-SF. Furthermore, no source of misspecification was identified, thus, supporting the factorial validity of the WDQ-SF scale. Significant positive correlations between the WDQ-SF and its subscales with worry (PSWQ), anxiety (STAI-T), and depression (BDI) were found. The internal consistency was good for the total scale and for the subscales. This work provides support for the use of the WDQ-SF, and potential uses for research and clinical purposes are discussed.

Psychology in Outerspace

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viren Swami ◽  
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic ◽  
Manal Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Future Work

Previous work has shown that is important to consider the disjunction between paranormal and nonparanormal beliefs about extraterrestrial life. The current study examined the association between both such beliefs and individual difference and demographic variables. A total of 555 British participants completed the Extraterrestrial Beliefs Scale, as well as measures of their Big Five personality scores, social conformity, sensation seeking, and demographics. Results showed no sex differences in ratings of paranormal and nonparanormal extraterrestrial beliefs, but participants rated nonparanormal beliefs more positively than paranormal beliefs. Results of structural equation modeling showed that individual difference factors (specifically, Openness, Conscientiousness, and social conformity) explained 21% of the variance in extraterrestrial beliefs, whereas demographic factors (specifically, education level, political orientation, and religiosity) explained 16% of the variance. Limitations and directions for future work are considered.

Locomotive Boiler Flue Gas Analysis*

1912 ◽  
Vol 74 (1914supp) ◽  
pp. 159-160
Author(s):  
Lawford H. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Analysis

Zellersatztherapie beim Morbus Parkinson

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
A. Storch ◽  
J. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Morbus Parkinson ◽  
Kontrollierte Studien ◽  
Proof Of Principle

ZusammenfassungDer Ersatz dopaminerger Neurone bei Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson bleibt eine attraktive Behandlungsstrategie. Die Implantation von embryonalem Mittelhirngewebe war die erste Therapie, die nicht nur den »Proof-of-Principle« in Tierversuchen lieferte, sondern auch Eingang in klinische Applikationen fand. 1987 wurde zunächst eine Reihe von kleinen offenen Studien mit sorgfältiger Patientenselektion gestartet, die sehr ermutigende Ergebnisse bei zumindest einem Teil der Patienten erbrachten. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden in den USA zwei doppelblinde, kontrollierte Studien abgeschlossen, deren Resultate eher enttäuschend blieben, da die primären Endpunkte (Besserung der Parkinson-Symptomatik im Off) keine signifikanten Unterschiede zeigten. Zudem wurden in beiden Studien 12 Stunden nach L-Dopa-Einnahme Dyskinesien beobachtet. Die Ursachen dieser unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse könnten in der Variabilität des Gewebes, relevanten Immunreaktionen und ungleichmäßiger Dopaminausschüttung im Striatum liegen. Zudem legen die ethischen Probleme bei der Gewinnung des Gewebes die Notwendigkeit anderer, besser standardisierter Gewebe nahe. Derzeit scheint es möglich, dass alternativ sowohl aus embryonalen als auch neuralen Stammzellen, vielleicht sogar aus körpereigenen mesenchymalen Stammzellen dopaminerge Neurone generiert werden könnten. Diese Zellen können über einen langen Zeitraum expandiert, ausreichend standardisiert und charakterisiert werden.

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