scholarly journals Errors in visuospatial working memory across space and time

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjing Jiang ◽  
Hoi-Chung Leung
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Functional Topology ◽  
2D Space

AbstractVisuospatial working memory (VSWM) involves cortical regions along the dorsal visual pathway, which are topographically organized with respect to the visual space. However, it remains unclear how such functional organization may constrain VSWM behavior across space and time. Here, we systematically mapped VSWM performance across the 2-dimensional (2D) space in various retention intervals in human subjects using the memory-guided and visually guided saccade tasks in two experiments. Relative to visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades showed significant increases in unsystematic errors, or response variability, with increasing target eccentricity (3°–13° of visual angle). Unsystematic errors also increased with increasing delay (1.5–3 s, Experiment 1; 0.5–5 s, Experiment 2), while there was little or no interaction between delay and eccentricity. Continuous bump attractor modeling suggested neurophysiological and functional organization factors in the increasing unsystematic errors in VSWM across space and time. These findings indicate that: (1) VSWM representation may be limited by the functional topology of the visual pathway for the 2D space; (2) Unsystematic errors may reflect accumulated noise from memory maintenance while systematic errors may originate from non-mnemonic processes such as noisy sensorimotor transformation; (3) There may be independent mechanisms supporting the spatial and temporal processing of VSWM.

Prefrontal Cortical Representation of Visuospatial Working Memory in Monkeys Examined by Local Inactivation With Muscimol

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 2041-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Sawaguchi ◽  
Michiyo Iba
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Local Injection ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Spatial Locations

In primates, dorsolateral areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a major role in visuospatial working memory. To examine the functional organization of the PFC for representing visuospatial working memory, we produced reversible local inactivation, with the local injection of muscimol (5 μg, 1 μl), at various sites ( n = 100) in the dorsolateral PFC of monkeys and observed the behavioral consequences in an oculomotor delayed-response task that required memory-guided saccades for locations throughout both visual fields. At 82 sites, the local injection of muscimol induced deficits in memory-guided saccades to a few specific, usually contralateral, target locations that varied with the location of the injection site. Such deficits depended on the delay length, and longer delays were associated with larger deficits in memory-guided saccades. The injection sites and affected spatial locations of the target showed a gross topographical relationship. No deficits appeared for a control task in which the subject was required to make a visually guided saccade to a visible target. These findings suggest that a specific site in the dorsolateral PFC is responsible for the working memory process for a specific visuospatial coordinate to guide goal-directed behavior. Further, memoranda for specific visuospatial coordinates appear to be represented in a topographical memory mapwithin the dorsolateral PFC to represent visuospatial working memory processes.

Organization, Function, and Development of the Mouse Retinogeniculate Synapse

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-285
Author(s):  
Liang Liang ◽  
Chinfei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Retinogeniculate Synapse ◽  
Information Project

Visual information is encoded in distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in the eye tuned to specific features of the visual space. These streams of information project to the visual thalamus, the first station of the image-forming pathway. In the mouse, this connection between RGCs and thalamocortical neurons, the retinogeniculate synapse, has become a powerful experimental model for understanding how circuits in the thalamus are constructed to process these incoming lines of information. Using modern molecular and genetic tools, recent studies have suggested a more complex circuit organization than was previously understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional organization of the retinogeniculate synapse in the mouse. We discuss a framework by which a seemingly complex circuit can effectively integrate and parse information to downstream stations of the visual pathway. Finally, we review how activity and visual experience can sculpt this exquisite connectivity.

Do Children With Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) Have Difficulties With Interference Control, Visuospatial Working Memory, and Selective Attention? Developmental Patterns and the Role of Severity and Persistence of DLD

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 3036-3050
Author(s):  
Elma Blom ◽  
Tessel Boerma
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have weaknesses in executive functioning (EF), specifically in tasks testing interference control and working memory. It is unknown how EF develops in children with DLD, if EF abilities are related to DLD severity and persistence, and if EF weaknesses expand to selective attention. This study aimed to address these gaps. Method Data from 78 children with DLD and 39 typically developing (TD) children were collected at three times with 1-year intervals. At Time 1, the children were 5 or 6 years old. Flanker, Dot Matrix, and Sky Search tasks tested interference control, visuospatial working memory, and selective attention, respectively. DLD severity was based on children's language ability. DLD persistence was based on stability of the DLD diagnosis. Results Performance on all tasks improved in both groups. TD children outperformed children with DLD on interference control. No differences were found for visuospatial working memory and selective attention. An interference control gap between the DLD and TD groups emerged between Time 1 and Time 2. Severity and persistence of DLD were related to interference control and working memory; the impact on working memory was stronger. Selective attention was unrelated to DLD severity and persistence. Conclusions Age and DLD severity and persistence determine whether or not children with DLD show EF weaknesses. Interference control is most clearly impaired in children with DLD who are 6 years and older. Visuospatial working memory is impaired in children with severe and persistent DLD. Selective attention is spared.

Visual Search Facilitation in Repeated Displays Depends on Visuospatial Working Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Manginelli ◽  
Franziska Geringswald ◽  
Stefan Pollmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Contextual Cueing ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Memory Resources

When distractor configurations are repeated over time, visual search becomes more efficient, even if participants are unaware of the repetition. This contextual cueing is a form of incidental, implicit learning. One might therefore expect that contextual cueing does not (or only minimally) rely on working memory resources. This, however, is debated in the literature. We investigated contextual cueing under either a visuospatial or a nonspatial (color) visual working memory load. We found that contextual cueing was disrupted by the concurrent visuospatial, but not by the color working memory load. A control experiment ruled out that unspecific attentional factors of the dual-task situation disrupted contextual cueing. Visuospatial working memory may be needed to match current display items with long-term memory traces of previously learned displays.

Where's the square? Strategies and aging in visuospatial working memory

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bailey M. Bonura ◽  
Ayanna K. Thomas ◽  
Holly A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory

Gestalt effects in visuospatial working memory

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pieroni ◽  
Clelia Rossi-Arnaud ◽  
Miriam Di Nardo ◽  
Alan D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory

scholarly journals Does perceptual grouping improve visuospatial working memory? Optimized processing or encoding bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Prieto ◽  
Vanesa Peinado ◽  
Julia Mayas
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Automatic Encoding ◽  
Change Detection Performance

AbstractVisual working memory has been defined as a system of limited capacity that enables the maintenance and manipulation of visual information. However, some perceptual features like Gestalt grouping could improve visual working memory effectiveness. In two different experiments, we aimed to explore how the presence of elements grouped by color similarity affects the change detection performance of both, grouped and non-grouped items. We combined a change detection task with a retrocue paradigm in which a six item array had to be remembered. An always valid, variable-delay retrocue appeared in some trials during the retention interval, either after 100 ms (iconic-trace period) or 1400 ms (working memory period), signaling the location of the probe. The results indicated that similarity grouping biased the information entered into the visual working memory, improving change detection accuracy only for previously grouped probes, but hindering change detection for non-grouped probes in certain conditions (Exp. 1). However, this bottom-up automatic encoding bias was overridden when participants were explicitly instructed to ignore grouped items as they were irrelevant for the task (Exp. 2).

Visuospatial Working Memory Deficits and Visual Pursuit Impairments are Not Directly Related in Schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 766-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Cocchi ◽  
Francesca Bosisio ◽  
Olivia Carter ◽  
Stephen J. Wood ◽  
André Berchtold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Visual Pursuit ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
Correct Path

Objective: Patients with schizophrenia show deficits in visuospatial working memory and visual pursuit processes. It is currently unclear, however, whether both impairments are related to a common neuropathological origin. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine the possible relations between the encoding and the discrimination of dynamic visuospatial stimuli in schizophrenia. Method: Sixteen outpatients with schizophrenia and 16 control subjects were asked to encode complex disc displacements presented on a screen. After a delay, participants had to identify the previously presented disc trajectory from a choice of six static linear paths, among which were five incorrect paths. The precision of visual pursuit eye movements during the initial presentation of the dynamic stimulus was assessed. The fixations and scanning time in definite regions of the six paths presented during the discrimination phase were investigated. Results: In comparison with controls, patients showed poorer task performance, reduced pursuit accuracy during incorrect trials and less time scanning the correct stimulus or the incorrect paths approximating its global structure. Patients also spent less time scanning the leftmost portion of the correct path even when making a correct choice. The accuracy of visual pursuit and head movements, however, was not correlated with task performance. Conclusions: The present study provides direct support for the hypothesis that active integration of visuospatial information within working memory is deficient in schizophrenia. In contrast, a general impairment of oculomotor mechanisms involved in smooth pursuit did not appear to be directly related to lower visuospatial working memory performance in schizophrenia.

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