The expression, localisation and interactome of pigeon CRY2

AbstractCryptochromes (CRY) are highly conserved signalling molecules that regulate circadian rhythms and are candidate radical pair based magnetoreceptors. Birds have at least four cryptochromes (CRY1a, CRY1b, CRY2, and CRY4), but few studies have interrogated their function. Here we investigate the expression, localisation and interactome of clCRY2 in the pigeon retina. We report that clCRY2 has two distinct transcript variants, clCRY2a, and a previously unreported splice isoform, clCRY2b which is larger in size. We show that clCRY2a mRNA is expressed in all retinal layers and clCRY2b is enriched in the inner and outer nuclear layer. To define the localisation and interaction network of clCRY2 we generated and validated a monoclonal antibody that detects both clCRY2 isoforms. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that clCRY2a/b is present in all retinal layers and is enriched in the outer limiting membrane and outer plexiform layer. Proteomic analysis showed clCRY2a/b interacts with typical circadian molecules (PER2, CLOCK, ARTNL), cell junction proteins (CTNNA1, CTNNA2) and components associated with the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI2, DCTN1, DCTN2, DCTN3) within the retina. Collectively these data show that clCRY2 is a component of the avian circadian clock and unexpectedly associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton.

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Distribution of activities of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes and malate dehydrogenase in guinea pig retinal layers.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/35.6.3571959 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 669-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C D Ross ◽

D A Godfrey

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Malate Dehydrogenase ◽

Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽

Energy Production ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Metabolic Reactions ◽

The Difference

Distributions of activity of the cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase and of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in guinea pig retinal layers. The distribution of total AAT activity (tAAT = cAAT + mAAT) and of mAAT activity correlated well (r = 0.88-0.91) with the distribution of MDH activity. mAAT activity was highest in the inner segments of the photoreceptors; there was a greater than twelve-fold difference between activity in that layer and in the inner retinal layers. cAAT activity was also highest in the inner segments, but the difference between the activity in the inner segments and the other layers was not nearly as great as with mAAT. cAAT activity was also relatively high in the outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, and part of the inner plexiform layer. The high activity of cAAT, mAAT, and MDH in the inner segments indicates that all of these enzymes are involved in metabolic reactions related to energy production and/or to photoreceptive processes in the outer segments and, therefore, that the enzymes are probably involved in energy-related metabolism at synapses. However, other functions, including those related to neurotransmission, are not excluded.

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Multicenter reliability of semiautomatic retinal layer segmentation using OCT

Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1212/nxi.0000000000000449 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. e449 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Timm Oberwahrenbrock ◽

Ghislaine L. Traber ◽

Sebastian Lukas ◽

Iñigo Gabilondo ◽

Rachel Nolan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Automated Segmentation ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Manual Correction

ObjectiveTo evaluate the inter-rater reliability of semiautomated segmentation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular volume scans.MethodsMacular OCT volume scans of left eyes from 17 subjects (8 patients with MS and 9 healthy controls) were automatically segmented by Heidelberg Eye Explorer (v1.9.3.0) beta-software (Spectralis Viewing Module v6.0.0.7), followed by manual correction by 5 experienced operators from 5 different academic centers. The mean thicknesses within a 6-mm area around the fovea were computed for the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for mean layer thickness values. Spatial distribution of ICC values for the segmented volume scans was investigated using heat maps.ResultsAgreement between raters was good (ICC > 0.84) for all retinal layers, particularly inner retinal layers showed excellent agreement across raters (ICC > 0.96). Spatial distribution of ICC showed highest values in the perimacular area, whereas the ICCs were poorer for the foveola and the more peripheral macular area. The automated segmentation of the OPL and ONL required the most correction and showed the least agreement, whereas differences were less prominent for the remaining layers.ConclusionsAutomated segmentation with manual correction of macular OCT scans is highly reliable when performed by experienced raters and can thus be applied in multicenter settings. Reliability can be improved by restricting analysis to the perimacular area and compound segmentation of GCL and IPL.

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Reduced vessel density in deep capillary plexus correlates with retinal layer thickness in choroideremia

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316528 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316528

Author(s):

Alessandro Arrigo ◽

Francesco Romano ◽

Maurizio Battaglia Parodi ◽

Peter Charbel Issa ◽

Johannes Birtel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Vessel Density ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Clinical Series

BackgroundTo assess retinal layer thickness in choroideremia (CHM) and to reveal its correlation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) findings.MethodsThe study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional clinical series of patients with CHM, which included 14 CHM eyes and 14 age-matched controls. Multimodal imaging included OCT and OCTA. The vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary (SCP), deep capillary (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC) plexuses was analysed by OCTA. The apparently preserved retinal islet and atrophic regions were investigated separately. Main outcome measures were as follows: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), total retinal layers, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), ellipsoid zone–retinal pigment epithelium (EZ-RPE) layer, choroidal thickness and VDs of SCP, DCP and of CC.ResultsMean BCVA was 0.0±0.0 LogMAR in both groups. GCL, ONL, EZ-RPE and choroid were significantly thinned in CHM, particularly in the atrophic region. OPL was unaffected in the apparently preserved islet, whereas INL and IPL were similarly thinned in the atrophic and apparently preserved retina. DCP appeared severely affected in both regions, while CC was only altered in the atrophic retina. Significant correlations were found between OCT and OCTA parameters.ConclusionsOur study showed severe alterations in both outer and inner retinal layers of patients with CHM. The extended retinal involvement might be the consequence of neuronal and vascular trophic factor reduction produced by the primarily altered RPE and/or secondary Müller glial cell reaction.

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COVID-19: More than a Respiratory Virus, An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-160946/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ESRA DAG SEKER ◽

Elif Inci ERBAHCECI TIMUR

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Ocular Pain ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Sd Oct

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate anatomic and morphologic features of inner and outer retinal layers in patients recovered from COVID-19 with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), whwther correlate with any symptoms during disease process.Methods: 32 patients recovered from COVID-19; age and gender matched 36 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, macular and periapiller retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the outer retinal hyperreflective bands including external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ) were examined with SD-OCT. The differences of each retinal layers thickness among subgroup analysis of ocular pain and headache were also compared. Results: Macular RNFL of inner and outer nasal and outer inferior quadrants were thinner in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy control group. (p=0.046, p=0.014 and p=0.016, respectively). Thinning in outer superior quadrant of GCIPL and INL quadrants were detected in patients with headache (p=0.026 and p=0.01). Superonasal and inferotemporal sectors of pRNFL were thinner in patients with ocular pain compared to patients without ocular pain (p=0.024 an p=0.015). Integrity of EZ, ELM and IZ were evaluated as continious line and protected on each OCT scans. Conclusion: The study demostrated convincing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can affect the inner and outer retinal layers, with subclinical localized alterations particularly in patients with headache and ocular pain symptoms during COVID-19 period.

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The Analysis of Intra-retinal Layers with Automatic Optical Coherence Tomography Segmentation in Healthy Subjects

Ophthalmology Research An International Journal ◽

10.9734/or/2018/v9i430092 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Osman Ahmet Polat ◽

Ali Kurt ◽

Raşit Kılıç ◽

Özkan Kocamış

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Department Of Ophthalmology

Aims: To give normative databases of each retinal layers on OCT images in the healthy Caucasian population in Turkey and investigate the relevance of the data with factors such as age, gender, axial length and refraction. Study Design: Prospective, cross sectional, descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir/TURKEY. Between September 2017 and March 2018. Methodology: 133 participants underwent full ophthalmologic examination and spectral domain OCT imaging (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). After the automatic segmentation, central 1 mm and 1-3 mm superior, inferior, nasal and temporal thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retina pigment epithelium (RPE), inner retinal layers (IRL), outer retinal layers (ORL) and total retina thickness (TRT) analyzed with respect to age, gender, axial length and refraction (spherical equivalent). Results: Central 1 mm INL, ONL, ORL, IRL and TRT and four quadrants of pericentral 1-3 mm thicknesses of RPE had positive correlation with the age. All the sections of total retina, RNFL, GCL, IPL, INL, ONL and IRL thicknesses were significantly thicker in males compared to females. The thicknesses of all RNFL sections and central 1 mm circle thicknesses of TRT, IPL, INL, OPL, RPE and IRL had positive correlation with the axial length. Conclusion: A normative database for thicknesses of intra-retinal layers in Turkish population was presented in the study and significant impacts of the age, gender and axial length were presented.

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Longitudinal Changes in the Retinal Microstructures of Eyes With Chiasmal Compression

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000011087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. e131-e140

Author(s):

Ga-In Lee ◽

Ki Young Son ◽

Kyung-Ah Park ◽

Doo-Sik Kong ◽

Sei Yeul Oh

Keyword(s):

Visual Field ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Decompression Surgery ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Longitudinal Changes ◽

Chiasmal Compression ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Sd Oct

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that there was a temporal change in the retinal microstructure after decompression surgery for chiasmal compression, the 1-year longitudinal changes in the inner and outer retinal thickness after decompression surgery were analyzed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with linear mixed-effects models.MethodsSD-OCT was obtained from 87 eyes with chiasmal compression and compared to 100 healthy controls. The preoperative and 1-year postoperative longitudinal changes in the retinal layer thickness were measured. The thickness of each of the following retinal layers was analyzed: the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the inner nuclear layer, the outer plexiform layer, the outer nuclear layer, and the photoreceptor layer.ResultsThe RNFL, GCL, and IPL showed thinning at a rate of 1.068 μm/y (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.523, 1.613), 1.189 μm/y (95% CI 0.452, 1.925), and 1.177 μm/y (95% CI 0.645, 1.709), respectively, after decompression surgery. The preoperative thickness of the intraretinal layer was associated with postoperative visual field recovery (RNFL, odds ratio [OR] 1.221, 95% CI 1.058, 1.410; GCL, OR 1.133, 95% CI 1.024, 1.254; and IPL, OR 1.174, 95% CI 1.002, 1.376).ConclusionsThe changes in retinal microstructure persisted and progressed in eyes with chiasmal compression after decompression surgery. The findings provide insight into the biological and anatomical sequelae following chiasmal compression. The preoperative thickness of the inner retinal layers was associated with postoperative visual field recovery.

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Macular Retinal Layer Thickness and Associated Factors. The Beijing Eye Study 2011

10.21203/rs.2.1755/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Wang ◽

Wen Bin Wei ◽

Ya Xing Wang ◽

Yan Ni Yan ◽

Jing Yan Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cell ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Population Based ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Beijing Eye Study ◽

Retinal Layers

Abstract Background Diagnosis and follow-up of retinal diseases may be improved if the thickness of the various retinal layers, in addition to the total retinal thickness, is taken into account. Here we measured the thickness of the macular retinal layers in a population-based study group to assess the normative values and their associations. Methods Using spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic images, we measured the thickness of the macular retinal layers in participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study without ocular diseases and without arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Results The study included 384 subjects (mean age:60.0±8.0 years). In multivariable analysis, the thickness of the retinal layers in the foveal region, of all retinal layers except for the outer plexiform layer in the parafoveal area, and the thickness of the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and inner and outer nuclear layer in the perifoveal area decreased with older age (all P<0.05). Men as compared to women had higher thickness measurements of the photoreceptor layer and outer nuclear layer in all areas, and of all layers between the retinal nerve fiber layer and inner nuclear layer in the parafovea area. The associations between the macular retinal layers thickness and axial length were not consistent. The inner plexiform layer was thicker, and the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer were thinner, in the temporal areas than in the nasal areas, Conclusions The associations between decreasing thickness of most retinal layers with older age and the correlation of a higher thickness of some retinal layer layers with male gender may clinically be taken into account.

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Thicknesses of Retinal Layers in patients with Graves’ Disease with or Without Orbitopathy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1032364/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

berna evranos ogmen ◽

Nagihan Ugurlu ◽

Muhammet Cuneyt Bilginer ◽

Sefika Burcak Polat ◽

Birgul Genc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2

Abstract Purpose: Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is an inflammatory process that may involve the ocular surface, orbital fat, extraocular muscles, and optic nerves in patients with Graves’ disease (GD). We aimed to compare thicknesses of retinal layers in patients with GD with and without GO.Methods: One hundred seven patients with GD (23 with GO (Group1), 84 without GO (Group2)) and eighteen volunteers (Group3) were enrolled. The spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is used for ophthalmologic evaluation. Seven retinal layers including retinal nerve ﬁber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were assessed. The thicknesses of layers are compared in groups.Results: The median GCL thickness values in groups 1,2, and 3 were 14 µm, 15 µm, and 17.5 µm, respectively (p = 0.02). The median IPL thickness was 20 µm in group 1, 21 µm in group 2, and 22 µm in group 3 (p = 0.038). The median RPE thickness values in groups 1,2, and 3 were 16 µm, 17 µm and 18.5 µm, respectively. The median GCL, IPL, RPE were different in the groups, while RNLF, INL, OPL, ONL were similar (p>0.05 for each). Conclusion: The median GCL, IPL and RPE were thinner in patients with GO than healthy controls.

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Epiretinal Membrane Surgery: Structural Retinal Changes Correlate with the Improvement of Visual Function

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10010090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Andrea Cacciamani ◽

Pamela Cosimi ◽

Guido Ripandelli ◽

Marta Di Nicola ◽

Fabio Scarinci

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Function ◽

Epiretinal Membrane ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Sd Oct

Several parameters have been studied for identifying the visual outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling. This retrospective study aimed to analyze structural retinal changes with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and their correlations with visual acuity improvement in patients with ERM undergoing PPV. Twenty-one pseudophakic eyes were enrolled in the study. Ophthalmic evaluations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal layer thickness measurements with SD-OCT. The segmentation of the retina was divided into four parts: the inner retinal layer (IRL), composed of an internal limiting membrane, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer; inner nuclear layer (INL); outer plexiform layer (OPL); and outer nuclear layer (ONL). Correlations between changes in retinal layer thicknesses and BCVA were explored over a 6 month follow-up period. The postoperative thickness decrease of the INL was significantly correlated with thickness changes in all other measured retinal layers (p < 0.001). Non-parametric linear regression showed that postoperative improvement in BCVA was associated with a postoperatively decreased thickness in the IRL (p = 0.021), INL (p = 0.039), and OPL (p = 0.021). In eyes undergoing PPV, postoperative thickness decreases of the IRL, INL, and OPL were correlated with visual acuity improvements. Re-compaction of these retinal layers after relieving ERM-induced traction may be an important factor in postoperative visual function improvement.

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En face image-based classification of diabetic macular edema using swept source optical coherence tomography

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87440-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Atsushi Fujiwara ◽

Yuki Kanzaki ◽

Shuhei Kimura ◽

Mio Hosokawa ◽

Yusuke Shiode ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Subretinal Fluid ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Swept Source ◽

En Face

AbstractThis retrospective study was performed to classify diabetic macular edema (DME) based on the localization and area of the fluid and to investigate the relationship of the classification with visual acuity (VA). The fluid was visualized using en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images constructed using swept-source OCT. A total of 128 eyes with DME were included. The retina was segmented into: Segment 1, mainly comprising the inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer, including Henle’s fiber layer; and Segment 2, mainly comprising the outer nuclear layer. DME was classified as: foveal cystoid space at Segment 1 and no fluid at Segment 2 (n = 24), parafoveal cystoid space at Segment 1 and no fluid at Segment 2 (n = 25), parafoveal cystoid space at Segment 1 and diffuse fluid at Segment 2 (n = 16), diffuse fluid at both segments (n = 37), and diffuse fluid at both segments with subretinal fluid (n = 26). Eyes with diffuse fluid at Segment 2 showed significantly poorer VA, higher ellipsoid zone disruption rates, and greater central subfield thickness than did those without fluid at Segment 2 (P < 0.001 for all). These results indicate the importance of the localization and area of the fluid for VA in DME.

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