scholarly journals Macular Retinal Layer Thickness and Associated Factors. The Beijing Eye Study 2011

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Wen Bin Wei ◽  
Ya Xing Wang ◽  
Yan Ni Yan ◽  
Jing Yan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Beijing Eye Study ◽  
Retinal Layers

Abstract Background Diagnosis and follow-up of retinal diseases may be improved if the thickness of the various retinal layers, in addition to the total retinal thickness, is taken into account. Here we measured the thickness of the macular retinal layers in a population-based study group to assess the normative values and their associations. Methods Using spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic images, we measured the thickness of the macular retinal layers in participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study without ocular diseases and without arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Results The study included 384 subjects (mean age:60.0±8.0 years). In multivariable analysis, the thickness of the retinal layers in the foveal region, of all retinal layers except for the outer plexiform layer in the parafoveal area, and the thickness of the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and inner and outer nuclear layer in the perifoveal area decreased with older age (all P<0.05). Men as compared to women had higher thickness measurements of the photoreceptor layer and outer nuclear layer in all areas, and of all layers between the retinal nerve fiber layer and inner nuclear layer in the parafovea area. The associations between the macular retinal layers thickness and axial length were not consistent. The inner plexiform layer was thicker, and the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer were thinner, in the temporal areas than in the nasal areas, Conclusions The associations between decreasing thickness of most retinal layers with older age and the correlation of a higher thickness of some retinal layer layers with male gender may clinically be taken into account.

scholarly journals Comparison of neuroglobin distribution and expression in the retina of adult yak and cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 6477-2020
Author(s):  
XIAOHUA DU ◽  
JAMES BLACKAR MAWOLO ◽  
XIAOYU MI ◽  
YANG YANG ◽  
XIA LIU
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Oxygen Homeostasis

The yak belongs to the genus Bos and is therefore related to cattle (Bos primigenius species). The yak may have diverged from cattle at any point between one and five million years ago, and the yak is supposed to be more closely related to cattle than to other members of its designated genus. Here, we evaluated the distribution of neuroglobin (NGB) expression in the retina of adult yak and cattle. Five healthy yaks and five cattle were used in the study. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to assess the distribution of NGB in the retina of adult yak and cattle. The results demonstrated that NGB was expressed at high levels in the retina of adult yak and cattle in the ganglion cell layer, outer plexiform layer, photoreceptor inner segments, and pigment epithelial layer (+++). Medium NGB expression was found in the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and photoreceptor outer segments (++). In contrast, NGB was only weakly expressed in the inner nuclear layer (+), while no expression was found in the outer nuclear layer (–). Expression in the inner limiting membrane, outer limiting membrane, and optic nerves of the cattle was weak (+) and comparable to expression in the adult yak. No NGB expression was found in the outer nuclear layer of both yak and cattle. The level of NGB expression in the retinal ganglion cell layer, kernel layer, optic nerve, and photoreceptor inner segments was significantly higher in yak than in cattle (P < 0.05). These results suggest that NGB might play an important role in oxygen homeostasis of the retina and normal function of the optic nerve of yak and cattle under high-altitude hypoxic conditions. Nevertheless, its specific functional mechanism needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration in the visual system

Brain ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 2775-2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien A de Vries-Knoppert ◽  
Johannes C Baaijen ◽  
Axel Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Layer Region

Abstract Conclusive evidence for existence of acquired retrograde axonal degeneration that is truly trans-synaptic (RTD) has not yet been provided for the human visual system. Convincing data rely on experimental data of lesions to the posterior visual pathways. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of previous human studies, namely pathology to the anterior visual pathways and neurodegenerative co-morbidity. In this prospective, longitudinal cohort retinal optical coherence tomography scans were acquired before and after elective partial temporal lobe resection in 25 patients for intractable epilepsy. Newly developed region of interest-specific, retinotopic areas substantially improved on conventional reported early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) grid-based optical coherence tomography data. Significant inner retinal layer atrophy separated patients with normal visual fields from those who developed a visual field defect. Acquired RTD affected the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer and stopped at the level of the inner nuclear layer. There were significant correlations between the resected brain tissue volume and the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.78, P < 0.0001) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.65, P = 0.0007). In one patient, damage to the anterior visual pathway resulted in occurrence of microcystic macular oedema as recognized from experimental data. In the remaining 24 patients with true RTD, atrophy rates in the first 3 months were strongly correlated with time from surgery for the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.74, P < 0.0001) and the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.51, P < 0.0001). The different time course of atrophy rates observed relate to brain tissue volume resection and suggest that three distinct patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration exist: (i) direct retrograde axonal degeneration; (ii) rapid and self-terminating RTD; and (iii) prolonged RTD representing a ‘penumbra’, which slowly succumbs to molecularly governed spatial cellular stoichiometric relationships. We speculate that the latter could be a promising target for neuroprotection.

Morphology of human retinal ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETH B. PETERSON ◽  
DENNIS M. DACEY
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Axon Collaterals

Ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals have been described in monkey (Usai et al., 1991), cat (Dacey, 1985), and turtle (Gardiner & Dacey, 1988) retina. Using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and Neurobiotin in in vitro whole-mount preparations of human retina, we filled over 1000 ganglion cells, 19 of which had intraretinal axon collaterals and wide-field, spiny dendritic trees stratifying in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axons were smooth and thin (∼2 μm) and gave off thin (<1 μm), bouton-studded terminal collaterals that extended vertically to terminate in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. Terminal collaterals were typically 3–300 μm in length, though sometimes as long as 700 μm, and were present in clusters, or as single branched or unbranched varicose processes with round or somewhat flattened lobular terminal boutons 1–2 μm in diameter. Some cells had a single axon whereas other cells had a primary axon that gave rise to 2–4 axon branches. Axons were located either in the optic fiber layer or just beneath it in the ganglion cell layer, or near the border of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. This study shows that in the human retina, intraretinal axon collaterals are associated with a morphologically distinct ganglion cell type. The synaptic connections and functional role of these cells are not yet known. Since distinct ganglion cell types with intraretinal axon collaterals have also been found in monkey, cat, and turtle, this cell type may be common to all vertebrate retinas.

scholarly journals Investigation of the pathophysiology of the retina and choroid in Parkinson's disease by optical coherence tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Kamata ◽  
Naoto Hara ◽  
Tsukasa Satou ◽  
Takahiro Niida ◽  
Kazuo Mukuno
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Luminal Area

Abstract Purpose The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is suspected to affect the retina and choroid. We investigated changes in the retina and choroid of patients with PD using optical coherence tomography. Methods We examined 14 patients with PD and 22 patients without PD. Patients without PD had no ophthalmic disease other than cataracts. In addition, it was also confirmed that there was no neurodegenerative disease. The retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer, and choroidal thickness were compared between both groups. Additionally, the choroidal image was divided into the choroid area, luminal area, and interstitial area using the binarization method, and the area of each region and the percentage of luminal area in the choroid area were analyzed. Results Patients with PD had a significantly thinner ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer compared to those without PD. The choroid area, luminal area, and interstitial area were significantly decreased in patients with PD compared to those without PD. Seven patients with PD who were successfully followed up showed decreased retinal nerve fiber layer and interstitial area after 3 years. Conclusion Autonomic nervous disorders and neurodegeneration in PD can cause thinning of the retina and choroid, as well as a reduction in the choroid area.

NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Provis ◽  
John Mitrofanis
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Topographical Distribution

AbstractWe have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 ¼m) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 ¼m) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 ¼m) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking fea ture of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.

scholarly journals Multicenter reliability of semiautomatic retinal layer segmentation using OCT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm Oberwahrenbrock ◽  
Ghislaine L. Traber ◽  
Sebastian Lukas ◽  
Iñigo Gabilondo ◽  
Rachel Nolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Automated Segmentation ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Retinal Layers ◽  
Manual Correction

ObjectiveTo evaluate the inter-rater reliability of semiautomated segmentation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular volume scans.MethodsMacular OCT volume scans of left eyes from 17 subjects (8 patients with MS and 9 healthy controls) were automatically segmented by Heidelberg Eye Explorer (v1.9.3.0) beta-software (Spectralis Viewing Module v6.0.0.7), followed by manual correction by 5 experienced operators from 5 different academic centers. The mean thicknesses within a 6-mm area around the fovea were computed for the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for mean layer thickness values. Spatial distribution of ICC values for the segmented volume scans was investigated using heat maps.ResultsAgreement between raters was good (ICC > 0.84) for all retinal layers, particularly inner retinal layers showed excellent agreement across raters (ICC > 0.96). Spatial distribution of ICC showed highest values in the perimacular area, whereas the ICCs were poorer for the foveola and the more peripheral macular area. The automated segmentation of the OPL and ONL required the most correction and showed the least agreement, whereas differences were less prominent for the remaining layers.ConclusionsAutomated segmentation with manual correction of macular OCT scans is highly reliable when performed by experienced raters and can thus be applied in multicenter settings. Reliability can be improved by restricting analysis to the perimacular area and compound segmentation of GCL and IPL.

scholarly journals Reduced vessel density in deep capillary plexus correlates with retinal layer thickness in choroideremia

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316528
Author(s):  
Alessandro Arrigo ◽  
Francesco Romano ◽  
Maurizio Battaglia Parodi ◽  
Peter Charbel Issa ◽  
Johannes Birtel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Vessel Density ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retinal Layers ◽  
Clinical Series

BackgroundTo assess retinal layer thickness in choroideremia (CHM) and to reveal its correlation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) findings.MethodsThe study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional clinical series of patients with CHM, which included 14 CHM eyes and 14 age-matched controls. Multimodal imaging included OCT and OCTA. The vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary (SCP), deep capillary (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC) plexuses was analysed by OCTA. The apparently preserved retinal islet and atrophic regions were investigated separately. Main outcome measures were as follows: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), total retinal layers, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), ellipsoid zone–retinal pigment epithelium (EZ-RPE) layer, choroidal thickness and VDs of SCP, DCP and of CC.ResultsMean BCVA was 0.0±0.0 LogMAR in both groups. GCL, ONL, EZ-RPE and choroid were significantly thinned in CHM, particularly in the atrophic region. OPL was unaffected in the apparently preserved islet, whereas INL and IPL were similarly thinned in the atrophic and apparently preserved retina. DCP appeared severely affected in both regions, while CC was only altered in the atrophic retina. Significant correlations were found between OCT and OCTA parameters.ConclusionsOur study showed severe alterations in both outer and inner retinal layers of patients with CHM. The extended retinal involvement might be the consequence of neuronal and vascular trophic factor reduction produced by the primarily altered RPE and/or secondary Müller glial cell reaction.

scholarly journals The fine structure of the reconstructed neural retina of chick embryos

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
H. Fujisawa ◽  
H. Nakamura ◽  
M. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Inner Limiting Membranes

The fine structure of reconstructed neural retina formed from dissociated neural retinal cells of 6½-day-old chick embryos on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos was examined with the electron microscope. Three nuclear layers (ganglion cell layer, inner and outer nuclear layers) and two fibrous layers (inner and outer plexiform layers) are found within the reconstructed retina. Both the outer and the inner limiting membranes of the reconstructed structure are constituted from the processes of differentiated Müller cells. The ganglion cell layer consists of two types of cell, though a typical ganglion cell with axonal process is not observed. Optic nerve fibres are not formed. Amacrine cells are recognized within the inner nuclear layer. Differentiation of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell occurs, but not of the outer segment. Synaptic structures are recognized in the inner plexiform layer, but not in the outer plexiform layer.

Localization of GABA- and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the turtle retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Hurd ◽  
William D. Eldred
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Double Label ◽  
Plexiform Layers

Abstractγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to be an important neurotransmitter in the retinas of many species. This immunocytochemical study detailed the localization of antigens resembling GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA), in retinal neurons in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. GABA-like immunoreactivity was present within somata in the inner and outer regions of the inner nuclear layer, within somata in the ganglion cell layer, and in processes in the outer plexiform layer, inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell axon layer. GAD-like immunoreactivity was found in somata in the inner and outer regions of the inner nuclear layer and in processes in the inner and outer plexiform layers. Cell counts indicated more somata with GABA-like than GAD-like immunoreactivity in the inner nuclear layer. Double-label studies showed that every somata in the inner nuclear layer which had GAD-like immunoreactivity also had GABA-like immunoreactivity, but that many somata had only GABA-like immunoreactivity.The stratification of immunoreactivity within the inner plexiform layer was analyzed using a scanning densitometer. We described the strata within the inner plexiform layer such that S0 represented the inner nuclear layer/inner plexiform layer border and S100 represented the inner plexiform layer/ganglion cell layer border. Analysis of GAD-like labeling yielded seven distinct strata with peak densities at positions S8, S19, S28, S42, S59, S75, and S93. GABA-like labeling provided five distinct strata with peak densities at positions S17, S28, S67, S84, and S95. The strata with peaks of GABA-like immunoreactivity at S17 and S28 were in statistically identical locations to corresponding strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity. The strata with GABA-like immunoreactivity at S67, S84, and S95 did not have statistically identical peaks of correlated GAD-like immunoreactivity, although there were corresponding strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity nearby. Antiserum directed against GABA failed to produce labeled strata at positions corresponding to the strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity at S8 and S42.In summary, our results indicated that the antisera we used, which were directed against GABA and GAD, produced significantly different labeling in the inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and the ganglion cell body and axon layers of the turtle retina. Until the physiological significance of these differences is resolved, studies employing these markers to investigate the function of GABA in the turtle retina should be interpreted with caution.

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