Uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 (UCP1) catalyzes a proton leak in brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria that results in nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), but the extent to which UCP homologs mediate NST in other tissues is controversial. To clarify the role of UCP3 in mediating NST in a hibernating species, we measured Ucp3 expression in skeletal muscle of arctic ground squirrels in one of three activity states (not hibernating, not hibernating and fasted for 48 h, or hibernating) and housed at 5°C or −10°C. We then compared Ucp3 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle with Ucp1 mRNA and UCP1 protein levels in BAT in the same animals. Ucp1 mRNA and UCP1 protein levels were increased on cold exposure and decreased with fasting, with the highest UCP1 levels in thermogenic hibernators. In contrast, Ucp3 mRNA levels were not affected by temperature but were increased 10-fold during fasting and >3-fold during hibernation. UCP3 protein levels were increased nearly fivefold in skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from fasted squirrels compared with nonhibernators, but proton leak kinetics in the presence of BSA were unchanged. Proton leak in BAT mitochondria also did not differ between fed and fasted animals but did show classical inhibition by the purine nucleotide GDP. Levels of nonesterified fatty acids were highest during hibernation, and tissue temperatures during hibernation were related to Ucp1, but not Ucp3, expression. Taken together, these results do not support a role for UCP3 as a physiologically relevant mediator of NST in muscle.
Nitrogen recycling buffers against ammonia toxicity from skeletal muscle breakdown in hibernating arctic ground squirrels
