scholarly journals Estrogen/ERR-α signaling axis is associated with fiber-type conversion of upper airway muscles in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Chen ◽  
J. Lu ◽  
Y. F. Guan ◽  
S. J. Li ◽  
T. T. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Type Conversion ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane C Lim ◽  
Richard J Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Underlying Diseases

As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians. We have learned that structural and physiologic factors increase the risk of OSA and both can be influenced by genetics. Structural risk factors include craniofacial bony restriction, changes in fat distribution, and the size of the upper airway muscles. Physiologic risk factors include airway collapsibility, loop gain, pharyngeal muscle responsiveness, and arousal threshold. The consequences of OSA include daytime sleepiness and exacerbation of many underlying diseases. OSA has been associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome; mild cognitive impairment or dementia; and cancer. This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 48 references. Key Words: cardiac consequences, craniofacial bony restriction, epidemiology, fat distribution, metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea

Relationship between the Upper Airway and Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome in Morbidly Obese Women

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Santiago-Recuerda ◽  
F. J. Gómez-Terreros ◽  
P. Caballero ◽  
A. Martín-Duce ◽  
M. J. Soleto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

320-Detector CT Imaging of the Upper Airway Structure of Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Ying ◽  
Qiuli Huang ◽  
Yingsheng Su ◽  
Bonian Fu ◽  
Xianwang Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway Structure ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

scholarly journals Morphologic Analyses of Mandible and Upper Airway Soft Tissue by MRI of Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome

SLEEP ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 909-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mau Okubo ◽  
Masaaki Suzuki ◽  
Atsushi Horiuchi ◽  
Shinichi Okabe ◽  
Katsuhisa Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

scholarly journals The Finite Element Simulation of the Upper Airway of Patients with Moderate and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiping Luo ◽  
Austin Scholp ◽  
Jack J. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome ◽  
Fluid Solid Interaction

Objectives. To investigate the snoring modes of patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and to discover the main sources of snoring in soft tissue vibrations. Methods. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed with SolidEdge to simulate the human upper airway. The inherent modal simulation was conducted to obtain the frequencies and the corresponding shapes of the soft tissue vibrations. The respiration process was simulated with the fluid-solid interaction method through ANSYS. Results. The first 6 orders of modal vibration were 12 Hz, 18 Hz, 21 Hz, 22 Hz, 36 Hz, and 39 Hz. Frequencies of modes 1, 2, 4, and 5 were from tongue vibrations. Frequencies of modes 3 and 6 were from soft palate vibrations. Steady pressure distribution and air distribution lines in the upper airway were shown clearly in the fluid-solid interaction simulation results. Conclusions. We were able to observe the vibrations of soft tissue and the modeled airflow by applying the finite element methods. Future studies could focus on improving the soft tissues vibration compliances by adjusting the model parameters. Additionally, more attention should be paid to vibrational components below 20 Hz when performing an acoustic analysis of human snore sounds due to the presence of these frequencies in this model.

Arousal and ventilatory responses during sleep in children with obstructive sleep apnea

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1926-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole L. Marcus ◽  
Janita Lutz ◽  
John L. Carroll ◽  
Owen Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Ventilatory Control ◽  
Arousal Threshold ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

Abnormal central regulation of upper airway muscles may contribute to the pathophysiology of the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We hypothesized that this was secondary to global abnormalities of ventilatory control during sleep. We therefore compared the response to chemical stimuli during sleep between prepubertal children with OSAS and controls. Patients with OSAS aroused at a higher[Formula: see text] (58 ± 2 vs. 60 ± 5 Torr, P < 0.05); those with the highest apnea index had the highest arousal threshold ( r = 0.52, P < 0.05). The hypercapnic arousal threshold decreased after treatment. For all subjects, hypoxia was a poor stimulus to arousal, whereas hypercapnia and, particularly, hypoxic hypercapnia were potent stimuli to arousal. Hypercapnia resulted in decreased airway obstruction in OSAS. Ventilatory responses were similar between patients with OSAS and controls; however, the sample size was small. We conclude that children with OSAS have slightly blunted arousal responses to hypercapnia. However, the overall ventilatory and arousal responses are normal in children with OSAS, indicating that a global deficit in respiratory drive is not a major factor in the etiology of childhood OSAS. Nevertheless, subtle abnormalities in ventilatory control may exist.

scholarly journals MicroRNA expression profile is altered in the upper airway skeletal muscle tissue of patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 4163-4182
Author(s):  
Jin Hou ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Jing Yan ◽  
Xiaoyong Ren ◽  
Kang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Target Prediction ◽  
Mirna Array ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome

Objective To investigate the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods In this study, we investigated miRNA profiles in the upper airway (UA) skeletal muscles of four patients with OSAHS and four matched controls using the miRCURY miRNA array. In another cohort of 12 OSAHS cases and 7 controls, the mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and Lin-28 homolog A (Lin28A), targets of the downregulated let-7 family members, were measured by real-time quantitative-PCR. The potential targets of the miRNAs were predicted by miRNA target prediction databases miRanda, Microcosm, and Targetscan. Results The array identified 370 differentially expressed miRNAs, of which 181 were upregulated and 189 were downregulated in OSAHS patients (based on a fold-change >2.0 and p < 0.05). Upregulation of IL-6 and Lin28A was validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The 612 targets predicted by all three algorithms were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The results revealed perturbations in signaling pathways and cellular functions. Conclusion This study demonstrated profoundly altered miRNA expression profiles in upper airway muscular tissues of patients with OSAHS, which might contribute to the formation and development of OSAHS.

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