During laboratory practice, it is often necessary to perform rheological measurements with small specimens, mainly due to the limited availability of the investigated systems. Such a restriction occurs, for example, because the laboratory synthesis of new materials is performed on small scales, or can concern biological samples that are notoriously difficult to be extracted from living organisms. A complete rheological characterization of a viscoelastic material involves both linear and nonlinear measurements. The latter are more challenging and generally require more mass, as flow instabilities often cause material losses during the experiments. In such situations, it is crucial to perform rheological tests carefully in order to avoid experimental artifacts caused by the use of small geometries. In this paper, we indicate the drawbacks of performing linear and nonlinear rheological measurements with very small amounts of samples, and by using a well-characterized linear polystyrene, we attempt to address the challenge of obtaining reliable measurements with sample masses of the order of a milligram, in both linear and nonlinear regimes. We demonstrate that, when suitable protocols and careful running conditions are chosen, linear viscoelastic mastercurves can be obtained with good accuracy and reproducibility, working with plates as small as 3 mm in diameter and sample thickness of less than 0.2 mm. This is equivalent to polymer masses of less than 2 mg. We show also that the nonlinear start-up shear fingerprint of polymer melts can be reliably obtained with samples as small as 10 mg.
Analysis of the complex rheological properties of highly concentrated proteins with a closed cavity rheometer
