Hybrid lead halide perovskites emerged at the beginning of 2010s decade as one of the most promising materials for photovoltaic applications. Easy and low-cost solution-based fabrication processes can be used, obtaining perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with efficiencies above 20%. However, there still are some major issues to overcome, like stabiliddty, and the general understanding of the recombination mechanisms resHybrid lead halide perovskites emerged at the beginning of 2010s decade as one of the most promising materials for photovoltaic applications. Easy and low-cost solution-based fabrication processes can be used, obtaining perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with efficiencies above 20%. However, there still are some major issues to overcome, like stability, and the general understanding of the recombination mechanisms results particularly puzzling. In this chapter, an analysis is provided on most recent research results about the different mechanisms, location and relationships of charge carrier recombination in PSCs. After introducing the theoretical framework, including the main transport equations and relations with luminescence techniques, the radiative and non-radiative natures of recombination are commented and compared in terms of main contributions. Also, the effects of changing the perovskite composition and morphology are surveyed. The location of the recombination processes, whether in the bulk material or towards the interface, are tackled, as well as related features with the current-voltage hysteresis. On the latter, and along the complete chapter, the dual ionic-electronic conductivity of hybrid lead halide perovskites is particularly attended. ults particularly puzzling. In this chapter, an analysis is provided on most recent research results about the different mechanisms, location and relationships of charge carrier recombination in PSCs. After introducing the theoretical framework, including the main transport equations and relations with luminescence techniques, the radiative and non-radiative natures of recombination are commented and compared in terms of main contributions. Also, the effects of changing the perovskite composition and morphology are surveyed. The location of the recombination processes, whether in the bulk material or towards the interface, are tackled, as well as related features with the current-voltage hysteresis. On the latter, and along the complete chapter, the dual ionic-electronic conductivity of hybrid lead halide perovskites is particularly attended. ybrid lead halide perovskites emerged at the beginning of 2010s decade as one of the most promising materials for photovoltaic applications. Easy and low-cost solution-based fabrication processes can be used, obtaining perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with efficiencies above 20%. However, there still are some major issues to overcome, like stability, and the general understanding of the recombination mechanisms results particularly puzzling. In this chapter, an analysis is provided on most recent research results about the different mechanisms, location and relationships of charge carrier recombination in PSCs. After introducing the theoretical framework, including the main transport equations and relations with luminescence techniques, the radiative and non-radiative natures of recombination are commented and compared in terms of main contributions. Also, the effects of changing the perovskite composition and morphology are surveyed. The location of the recombination processes, whether in the bulk material or towards the interface, are tackled, as well as related features with the current-voltage hysteresis. On the latter, and along the complete chapter, the dual ionic-electronic conductivity of hybrid lead halide perovskites is particularly attended.
Time-resolved HAXPES using a microfocused XFEL beam: From vacuum space-charge effects to intrinsic charge-carrier recombination dynamics
