Catecholamines and the control of metabolism in man

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Macdonald ◽  
T. Bennett ◽  
I. W. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Noradrenaline And Adrenaline

Introduction: The physiological effects of catecholamines can result from a combination of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and secretion from the adrenal medulla. However, studies in the rat have revealed circumstances in which adrenal medullary secretion can occur at a time when the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is suppressed [1]; furthermore, in the lamb there may be variations in the relative amounts of noradrenaline and adrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla [2]. It is not known whether such phenomena occur in man.

Dissociation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary responses

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. E35-E40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Young ◽  
R. M. Rosa ◽  
L. Landsberg
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The relative importance of sympathetic nerve (SNS) activity and adrenal medullary secretion in various physiological situations has generally been inferred from measurements of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), respectively, in urine or plasma. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that under certain conditions the adrenal medulla may release substantial amounts of NE as well as E. In several of these circumstances, estimates of SNS activity based on the measurement of NE turnover in peripheral tissues of experimental animals indicate diminished SNS function, a reduction that is independent of adrenal medullary secretion. These reciprocal alterations in SNS and adrenal medullary activity fall into two patterns. First, when SNS activity is suppressed by fasting, adrenal medullary responses to various stimuli are enhanced. Second, for certain stimuli the SNS response is biphasic, with an initial suppression followed by subsequent stimulation; during the first phase adrenal medullary secretion is markedly increased. The physiological contribution of the adrenal medulla, therefore, would be particularly important under conditions of SNS suppression.

Lack of Influence of the Sympathetic Nervous System on the Calorigenic Response to Thyroxine

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Surtshin ◽  
James K. Cordonnier ◽  
S. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking

Normal rats as well as thyroparathyroidectomized rats concurrently given thyroxine and an adrenergic blocking dose of Dibenzyline show the expected rise in rate of oxygen consumption. After bilateral adrenal demedullation the resting rate of oxygen consumption is not significantly different from normal, and injection of a large dose of thyroxine either with or without concurrent administration of adrenergic blocking doses of Dibenzyline is followed by a significant rise in the rate of oxygen consumption. Our data and other pertinent published data lend support neither to the claim that the calorigenic effect of exogenous thyroxine is dependent upon the presence of normally acting adrenal medullary hormones nor to the claim that the metabolic changes of thyrotoxicosis are due to the physiological effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine as augmented by the thyroid hormones.

Free fatty acid metabolism in fetal and newborn sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Van Duyne ◽  
H. R. Parker ◽  
R. J. Havel ◽  
L. W. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Newborn Lamb ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Increased Activity

The metabolism of free fatty acids (FFA) was studied in the term ewe, sheep fetus and newborn lamb. The concentration of FFA is about 10 times greater and the concentration of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) 2 1/2 times greater in maternal than in fetal plasma. After intravascular administration of palmitic acid-1-C14 complexed to homologous albumin, the initial rates of disappearance of FFA radioactivity from maternal and fetal circulations were similar, with half-times of approximately 2 minutes. Radioactivity appeared in the opposite circulation as FFA indicating that the syndesmochorial placenta is permeable to palmitic acid. Survival of the newborn lamb is associated with a fivefold increase in plasma concentration of FFA and no significant change in glucose or fructose during the first 30 minutes after birth. Failure to survive is associated with lack of increase in plasma FFA concentrations, while glucose concentrations do not differ from those found in surviving lambs. These data suggest that sympathetic nervous system activity is responsible for the FFA elevation and that increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system or FFA mobilization is closely related to survival of the newborn lamb.

Postexercise Syncope: Evidence for Increased Activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Cardiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Arad ◽  
Abraham Solomon ◽  
Arie Roth ◽  
Jacob Atsmon ◽  
Babeth Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Increased Activity

Renin, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Responses to Simulated Altitude

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr T. A. Kotchen ◽  
R. P. Hogan ◽  
A. E. Boyd ◽  
T.-K. Li ◽  
Helen C. Sing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Simulated Altitude ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
Noradrenaline And Adrenaline

1. Plasma renin activity, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, and urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion rates were measured in ten subjects during 3 days of exposure to a simulated altitude of 12 000 ft. 2. In both the supine and standing positions, renin activities were suppressed during all 3 days at altitude. 3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were significantly increased by the third day at altitude. 4. Urinary adrenaline excretion tended to be increased during the entire 3 days at altitude, with no significant change between the first and third day. Noradrenaline excretion was significantly increased on the third day. 5. The finding of decreased renin levels suggests that the enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system at high altitude does not stimulate renin release.

Glucocorticoid suppression of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

Life Sciences ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1003-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin R. Brown ◽  
Laurel A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: role of the sympathetic nervous system

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Bao ◽  
Naira Metreveli ◽  
Rena Li ◽  
Addison Taylor ◽  
Eugene C. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Episodic Hypoxia ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Renal Artery Denervation

Bao, Gang, Naira Metreveli, Rena Li, Addison Taylor, and Eugene C. Fletcher. Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: role of the sympathetic nervous system. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 95–101, 1997.—Previous studies in several strains of rats have demonstrated that 35 consecutive days of recurrent episodic hypoxia (7 h/day) cause an 8- to 13-mmHg persistent increase in diurnal systemic blood pressure (BP). Carotid chemoreceptors and the sympathetic nervous system have been shown to be necessary for development of this BP increase. The present study was undertaken to further define the role of renal artery sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla in this BP increase. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had either adrenal medullectomy, bilateral renal artery denervation, or sham surgery. Rats from each of these groups were subjected to episodic hypoxia for 35 days. Control groups received either compressed air or were left unhandled. Adrenal demedullation or renal artery denervation eliminated the chronic diurnal mean BP response (measured intra-arterially) to episodic hypoxia, whereas sham-operated controls continued to showed persistent elevation of systemic BP. Plasma and renal tissue catecholamine levels at the end of the experiment confirmed successful adrenal demedullation or renal denervation in the respective animals. The chronic episodic hypoxia-mediated increase in diurnal BP requires both intact renal artery nerves as well as an intact adrenal medulla.

Mapping of genetic determinants of the sympathoneural response to stress

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Klimeš ◽  
K. Weston ◽  
D. Gašperíková ◽  
P. Kovács ◽  
R. Kvetňanský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
System Response ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Activation of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla) in response to stressful stimuli is an important defense mechanism as well as a contributor to several cardiovascular diseases. There is variability in the SAS response to stress, although the extent to which this is genetically regulated is unclear. Some rodent models, including the hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (hHTg) rat, are hyperresponsive to stress. We investigated whether quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect sympathoadrenal response to stress could be identified. Second filial generation rats ( n = 189) derived from a cross of the hHTg rat and the Brown Norway rat had plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) levels, indices of activation of the sympathoneural and adrenal medulla components, respectively, measured in the resting state and in response to an immobilization stress. Responses were assessed early (20 min) and late (120 min) after the application of the stress. A genome scan was conducted using 153 microsatellite markers. Two QTLs (maximum peak LOD scores of 4.17 and 3.52, respectively) influencing both the early and late plasma NE response to stress were found on chromosome 10. Together, the QTLs accounted for ∼20% of the total variation in both the early and late NE responses in the F2 rats. Interestingly, the QTLs had no effect on plasma Epi response to stress. These findings provide evidence for a genetic determination of the response of a specific component of the SAS response to stress. Genetically determined variation in sympathetic nervous system response to stress may contribute to cardiovascular diseases.

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