Studies of water and electrolyte movement from oral rehydration solutions (rice- and glucose-based) across a normal and secreting gut using a dual isotope tracer technique in a rat perfusion model

ABSTRACTBackgroundGood-quality plant protein sources are important for protein adequacy in a balanced diet. Legumes are known to be a source of good quality plant protein, but the true ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) of commonly consumed legumes is not known in humans.ObjectivesIn this study we measured the true ileal IAA digestibility of 2H-intrinsically labeled chickpea, yellow pea, and mung bean (hulled and dehulled) protein, using the dual-isotope tracer technique referenced to a standard protein ([U-13C] spirulina). The study also aimed to validate the use of [U-13C] spirulina as a reference protein in this method.Methods2H-intrinsically labeled legumes, obtained by watering plants with deuterium oxide (2H2O), were administered in a plateau feeding method to healthy Indian adults to measure their true ileal IAA digestibility with the dual-isotope tracer technique, using [U-13C] spirulina protein or a 13C-algal IAA mixture as the standard.ResultThe true ileal IAA digestibilities (mean ± SD) of chickpea, yellow pea, and mung bean were 74.6 ± 0.8%, 71.6 ± 1.3%, and 63.2 ± 1.5%, respectively. The true mean ileal IAA digestibility of mung bean when referenced to [U-13C] spirulina protein or a 13C-algal IAA mixture did not differ significantly (63.2 ± 1.5% versus 64.0 ± 2.4%, P > 0.05). The true ileal IAA digestibility of mung bean improved to 70.9 ± 2.1% after dehulling.ConclusionsThe true mean ileal IAA digestibility of legumes in healthy Indian adults was lower than expected. Traditional processing techniques such as dehulling improve protein digestibility by about 8%. This study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI): CTRI/2017/11/010468 (http://ctri.nic.in, accessed on 28/03/2019).

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Studies of water movement across the gut using oral rehydration solutions in a rat perfusion model

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00330.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 555-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. V. PILLAI ◽

M. J. BRUETON ◽

D. BURSTON ◽

B. K. SANDHU

Keyword(s):

Water Movement ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Perfusion Model ◽

Rehydration Solutions

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Studies of the Metabolism of Asialotransferrins: the in Vivo Behavior of Baboon and Rhesus Asialotransferrins

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o75-171 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1255-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E. Regoeczi ◽

M. W. C. Hatton ◽

K.-L. Wong

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Uptake ◽

Average Increase ◽

Tracer Technique ◽

Short Term ◽

Dual Isotope ◽

Isotope Tracer ◽

Catabolic Rate ◽

Nonprimate Mammal ◽

Reduced Data

The catabolism and distribution of rhesus and baboon asialotransferrins relative to the corresponding parent proteins were studied in rabbits using a dual isotope tracer technique. Also a similar study with the baboon proteins in a baboon is reported.The metabolic data obtained in rabbits with both rhesus and baboon transferrins was close to the values established in a previous study for rabbit transferrin. Desialylation resulted in an average increase in the fractional catabolic rate of rhesus transferrin by 22.7%. This change is similar to that found earlier with asialotransferrins from several nonprimate mammals which are thought not to interact with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor.Two kinetically distinct fractions were identified in baboon asialotransferrin. One of these, amounting to approximately one-third of the protein, was eliminated from the circulation very rapidly. The remaining two-thirds constituted a slowly catabolized fraction which behaved in vivo similarly to rhesus asialotransferrin. Unlike the rapidly cleared fraction, elimination of the slowly catabolized fraction in baboon asialotransferrin is probably not mediated by the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. An amount comparable to the rapidly eliminated fraction in baboon asialotransferrin was recovered with the liver of rats in short-term experiments. In rats which were preinjected with chicken acid α1-glycoprotein the hepatic uptake of baboon asialotransferrin was markedly reduced. Data obtained in the baboon agreed with the findings in rabbits, although transferrin turnover was slower in the baboon.From its behavior in vivo as an asialoglycoprotein, baboon transferrin shows greater resemblance to human transferrin than rhesus transferrin. This conclusion is supported by carbohydrate analyses which show an intermediate position for baboon transferrin between man and a nonprimate mammal (rabbit), and a similarity between rhesus and rabbit transferrins.

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Studies of the Metabolism of Asialotransferrins: Potentiation of the Catabolism of Human Asialotransferrin in the Rabbit

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o74-026 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 155-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

E. Regoeczi ◽

M. W. C. Hatton ◽

K.-L. Wong

Keyword(s):

Tracer Technique ◽

Transfer Rates ◽

Dual Isotope ◽

Human Transferrin ◽

Isotope Tracer ◽

Human Control ◽

Homologous Protein ◽

Catabolic Rate ◽

The Difference ◽

Control Protein

The catabolism and distribution of simultaneously injected rabbit transferrin and rabbit asialotransferrin was studied in five rabbits using a dual-isotope tracer technique. Similar studies were performed with human transferrin and human asialotransferrin in two humans, seven rabbits, and a rat.In all experiments, the catabolic rate of the asialotransferrin was higher than the corresponding value for the control protein. The difference averaged at 15% for rabbits and 29% for humans when homologous protein preparations were used. There were no concomitant differences in capillary transfer rates or in the partition of the labeled proteins between intra- and extravascular spaces.The catabolic rate of human transferrin in rabbits was not significantly different from that of the corresponding homologous protein. In contrast, human transferrin from which 92–100% of the sialyl residues had been removed was catabolized in rabbits at approximately 3.5 times the rate for homologous asialotransferrin. Substantial difference was found between the elimination of human control and asialotransferrins in the rat as well.

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Are oral rehydration solutions optimized for treating diarrhea?

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/0260106021991641 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026010602199164

Author(s):

Samuel N Cheuvront ◽

Robert W Kenefick ◽

Laura Luque ◽

Katherine M Mitchell ◽

Sadasivan Vidyasagar

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Intestinal Absorption ◽

Turning Point ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Salt Water ◽

Food Science ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Rehydration Solutions ◽

Rehydration Solution ◽

Stool Volume

Background: A historical turning point occurred in the treatment of diarrhea when it was discovered that glucose could enhance intestinal sodium and water absorption. Adding glucose to salt water (oral rehydration solution, ORS) more efficiently replaced intestinal water and salt losses. Aim: Provide a novel hypothesis to explain why mainstream use of ORS has been strongly recommended, but weakly adopted. Methods: Traditional (absorptive) and novel (secretory) physiological functions of glucose in an ORS were reviewed. Results: Small amounts of glucose can stimulate both intestinal absorption and secretion. Glucose can exacerbate a net secretory state and may aggravate pathogen-induced diarrhea, particularly for pathogens that affect glucose transport. Conclusion: A hypothesis is made to explain why glucose-based ORS does not appreciably reduce diarrheal stool volume and why modern food science initiatives should focus on ORS formulations that replace water and electrolytes while also reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhea.

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