J.-A. EWING et H.-C. FLEEMING JENKIN. — On the production of transient electric currents in iron and steel conductors by twisting them when magnetised or by magnetising them when twisted (Production de courants électriques instantanés dans des fils conducteurs de fer ou d'acier en les tordant quand ils sont aimantés, ou en les aimantant quand ils sont tordus ) ; Proceedings of the Royal Society, t. XXXIII, p. 21; 1881

1882 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
E. Bouty
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Iron And Steel

Joule's 1840 manuscript on the production of heat by voltaic electricity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto de Andrade Martins
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Full Paper ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
First Time

In 1840, James Prescott Joule submitted to the Royal Society a paper describing experimental research on the heat produced by electric currents in metallic conductors, and inferring that the effect was proportional to the resistance of the conductors and to the square of the intensity of the current. Only an abstract of this paper was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society , although a full paper with a similar title was printed in the Philosophical Magazine in 1841. Several authors have assumed that the content of the 1841 publication was the same as the rejected 1840 paper; however, the unpublished manuscript has been found within the archives of the Royal Society and is published here for the first time, along with a detailed analysis and comparison with the 1841 paper. The unpublished version is much shorter, and is different in certain respects from the published article. A detailed comparison throws light on several shortcomings of the unpublished version. The present work also studies the assessment of Joule's paper by the Royal Society, and elucidates the roles of Peter Roget and Samuel Christie in this connection.

scholarly journals IV. On the fracture of brittle and viscous solids by 'shearing.'

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Round Bar ◽  
Copper Lead

On recently visiting Mr. Kirkaldy's testing works, the Grove, Southwark, I was much struck with the appearances presented by some speci­mens of iron and steel round bars which had been broken by torsion. Some of them were broken right across, as nearly as may be in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bar. On examining these I perceived that they had all yielded through a great degree to distortion before having broken. I therefore looked for bars of hardened steel which had been tested similarly, and found many beautiful specimens in Mr. Kirkaldy’s museum. These, without exception, showed complicated surfaces of frac­ture, which were such as to demonstrate, as part of the whole effect in each case, a spiral fissure round the circumference of the cylinder at an angle of about 45° to the length. This is just what is to be expected when we consider that if A B D C (fig. 1) represent an infinitesimal square on the surface of a round bar with its sides A C and B D parallel to the axis of the cylinder, before torsion, and AB D' C' the figure, into which this square becomes distorted just before rupture, the diagonal A D has become elon­gated to the length A D', and the diagonal B C has become contracted to the length BC, and that therefore there must be maximum tension every-where, across the spiral of which B C' is an infinitely short portion. But the specimens are remarkable as showing in softer or more viscous solids a tendency to break parallel to the surfaces of “shearing” AB, CD, rather than in surfaces inclined to these at an angle of 45°. Through the kindness of Mr. Kirkaldy, his specimens of both kinds are now exhibited to the Royal Society. On a smaller scale I have made experiments on round bars of brittle sealing-wax, hardened steel, similar steel tempered to various degrees of softness, brass, copper, lead.

scholarly journals XVI. On electrotorsion

1874 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 529-562
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Complete Theory ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Iron Wire ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Current

Wiedemann lias experimentally examined† the influence of magnetism upon the mechanical torsion of iron wire, and has shown that an iron wire hung in the centre of a helix and twisted is more or less untwisted when a current traverses the helix. But as the torsion in his experiments was produced by the combined influence of a voltaic current and previous mechanical twist, and is quite a distinct phenomenon from that produced by the combined influence of electric currents only, which forms the subject of this communication, and as no one appears to have discovered the particular class of phenomena which are treated of in this investigation, I take an opportunity of making known my experiments and the new facts I have found. [Since the publication of the abstract of this paper in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ vol. xxii. p. 57, January 8, 1874, Professor Wiedemann (to whom I had sent a copy of that abstract) has kindly written to me as follows:—“ You have found independently some results which I had already published in the year 1862 in Poggen-dorff’s ‘Annalen,’ vol. cxvii. p. 208. A short abstract of these experiments is also given in my ‘Treatise on Galvanism, &c.’ (1st edition, vol. ii. p. 445; 2nd edition, vol. ii. p. 565), where you will find my complete theory of the relations between magnetism and torsion.”]

III. On effects of retentiveness in the magnetisation of iron and steel. (preliminary notice.)

1883 ◽  
Vol 34 (220-223) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Iron Wire ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The term Hysteresis was introduced in a paper, recently communicated to the Royal Society, to designate a peculiar action which was observed in the inquiry then recorded, and which had also presented itself in an earlier investigation—of the effects of stress on thermoelectric quality.f It was found that when a stretched iron wire was gradually loaded and unloaded the changes of thermoelectric quality lagged behind the changes of stress, so that curves exhibiting the relation of stress to thermoelectric quality during the putting on and taking off of the load were far from coincident, but inclosed between them a wide area. In prosecuting those experiments it occurred to me that there is much room for investigation of hysteresis § in the changes of magnetisation of iron and other substances produced by (1) change of the magnetic field; (2) change of stress; (3) change of temperature. In (2) and (3) two cases are to be considered :—First, when the substance is exposed to a constant magnetising force; second, when the magnetisation which is changed is wholly residual.

scholarly journals Address of the President, Sir William Crookes, O. M., at the anniversary meeting on November 30, 1915

1916 ◽  
Vol 92 (637) ◽  
pp. 158-170
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
King's College ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Effect Of Light

Since our last Anniversary Meeting the Royal Society has lost many of its Fellows. Too long is the list of those who have passed. If my reference to their work is brief you will understand that is due to the exigencies of time, and not to lack of appreciation, No words of mine are necessary to perpetuate the memories of men whose names will live among those of the great masters of Science. In April this year one of our oldest Fellows, William Grylls Adams, Emeritus Professor of Natural Philosophy at Line's College, London, died, after a life of great scientific activity, at the age of 79. He was Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at King's College, London, from 1865 to 1906, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1872. His researches covered a wide field, and he was the author of many memoirs in various branches of phvsics.In 1875 he delivered the Bakerian Lecture on the forms of equipotential curves and surfaces and lines of how, and in the same year he published an important paper on the change of resistance produced by magnetisation in iron and steel. He made an exhaustive investigation of the effect of light in reducing the resistance of selenium, and devised a new form of measuring polariseope. In later years he made a special study of terrestrial magnetism, and he also published papers on the "Illumination of lighthouses." he was one of the founders of the Physical Society, and was its President from 1878 to 1880. He was also President in 1884 of the Institution of EIectrical Engineers, and his inaugural Address on the growth of electrical science and the testing of dynamo machines and incandescent lamps was a valuable contribution to our knowledge. He served on the Council of the Royal Society from 1882 to 1884, and again from 1896 to 1898.

II. On the changes produced by magnetisation in the length of iron wires under tension

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Magnetic Intensity ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
The Law

In a paper communicated to the Royal Society about a year ago, I discussed the results of certain experiments made by Joule in relation to “the Effects of Magnetism upon the dimensions of Iron and Steel Bars.” It is well known that the length of an iron rod is in general slightly increased by magnetisation. Joule enunciated the law that the elongation is proportional in a given bar to the square of the magnetic intensity, and that it ceases to increase after the iron is fully saturated.

I. On the heating effects of electric currents. No. II

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 280-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Platinum Wire ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Heating Effects ◽  
The Wire ◽  
The Law ◽  
Submarine Cables

On March 19th, 1884, I submitted to the Royal Society a paper on the heating effects of electric currents, showing the strength of current necessary to fuse the fine platinum wire employed for protecting submarine cables from the ill effects of atmospheric electricity. The paper proved that the law that regulates the production of heat is one which can be expressed by the formula C = ad 3/2 , “ a ” being a constant dependent on the metal used, and “ d ” the diameter of the wire. The current observed was that which heated the wire up to the point of self-luminosity (525°C.).

scholarly journals 5. Dynamical Theory of Heat, Part VI. continued. A Mechanical Theory of Thermo-electric Currents in Crystalline Solids.

1857 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 255-256
Author(s):  
W. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Crystalline Substance ◽  
Crystalline Solids ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Thermo Electric ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
A Current

In this paper the Mechanical Theory of Thermo-electric Currents in linear conductors of non-crystalline substance, first communicated to the Royal Society December 15, 1851, is extended to solids of any form and of crystalilne substance.It is first proved, that if a solid be such that bars cut from it in different directions have different thermo-electric powers relatively to one another, or to other linear conductors, forming part of a circuit, there must, for every bar cut from it, except in certain particular directions (principal thermo-electric axes), be a new thermo-electric quality, of a kind quite distinct from any hitherto known; giving rise to a reciprocal thermo-dynamic action, which consists ofa difference in temperature at the sides of the bar causing a current to flow longitudinally, when the two ends, being at the same temperature, are connected by a uniformly heated conductor; and a current through the bar causing an absorption and evolution of heat at its two sides, when these are kept at the same temperature.

scholarly journals XXVI. Electrodynamic qualities of metals (continued from Phil. Trans. Vol. 146. Read Feb. 28, 1856). —Part VI. effects of stress on magnetization

1876 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 693-713 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermo Electric ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Steel Wires ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ballistic Method ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Magnetic Needle

178. In Parts III. and IV. of my first series of papers under this title (Transactions of the Royal Society for February 1856), I described experiments discovering effects of stress on the thermo-electric quality and the electric resistances of metals. About the time those experiments were made I also made several nugatory attempts to discover the effects of stress on magnetization; and eighteen years have passed before I have been able to resume the investigation. Early in the year 1874 I made arrangements to experiment on the magnetization of iron and steel wires in two different ways—one by observing the deflections of a suspended magnetic needle produced by the magnetization to be tested, the other by observing the throw of a galvanometer-needle, due to the momentary current induced by each sudden change of magnetism. The second method, which for brevity I shall call the ballistic method, was invented by Weber, and has been used with excellent effect by Thalén, Roland, and others. It has great advantages in respect of convenience, and the ease with which accurate results may be obtained by it; but it is not adapted to show slow changes of magnetism, and is therefore not fit for certain important parts of the investigation. On this account I am continuing arrangements for carrying out the first method, although hitherto I have obtained no good results by it. 179. On the other hand, I have found the ballistic method very easy and perfectly satisfactory in every respect, except that it does not show the slow changes of magnetization. It was by it that all the results which I am now going to describe were obtained. The apparatus, which is very simple, is represented in the accompanying sketch (fig. 1).

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