Indication of a ship location by the Earth’s geomagnetic field

The present study focuses on the need to increase the number of methods for indicating a ship location in traffic conditions on routes with heavy shipping, as well as during navigation in hard hydrometeorological conditions. The research purpose is to increase the level of safety and accuracy of ship navigation and effectively meet the requirements in the field of navigation safety and environmental protection. The issue of navigating through physical fields has a wide range of unresolved tasks despite the previously conducted studies. These tasks include investigation of geomagnetic sensors and their relationship to geomagnetic maps, as well as magnetic compasses and ways to improve them by using magnetometers and eliminating errors caused by rotation of the magnetic needle.

The Electrical Telegraph

Many attempts at realizing an electric telegraph are discussed starting in the 18th century. The crucial discovery that gave renewed impetus to the search was that of Oersted’s concerning the effect of electric current upon a magnetic needle. The first line in England was installed between Paddington and West Drayton. The contributions of various inventors like Gauss, Weber, Shilling, Cooke, and Wheatstone are discussed; also the effect on diplomacy, war and ordinary life, including women’s employment, is examined. Some famous telegrams, e.g. Ems, Kruger, Zimmerman, are put into their historical context, so is the telegraphic contact between Kerensky (Head of the Provisional Russian government at the time) and Kornilov, Commander of the Armed Forces.

Stimulated oxygen transport in tissue by magnetic needle acupuncture

AimTo understand physiology of magnetic needle acupuncture by investigating O2 transport in tissue during needle intervention.MethodsO2 transport in tissue is modeled by utilizing COMSOL with magnetic needle inserted into muscle tissue in a 2D porous media. The damaged tissue has been mimicked by an extracted tissue block with 1st order O2 consumption rate. The convection-diffusion O2 transport in the damaged tissue has been further evaluated by varying magnetic flux density B0 of the needle (0-1 T), myoglobin concentration (0-1 mM), O2 tension (5-100 Torr), O2 consumption rates, tissue permeability (10−12-10−6 m2) and porosity (0.1-0.9).Results1) Active O2 transport carried by interstitial flow is enhanced with the intervention of a magnetic needle by generating a high gradient magnetic field around the tip, which exerts a strong force (104 N/m3) on the diamagnetic interstitial fluid to accelerate the flow. 2) This interstitial flow can reach 30 μm/s at B0 = 1T and strongly correlates to the needle B0 and tissue permeability. 3) The needle stirs the interstitial flow can pump O2 flux by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to that without magnetic field. 4) The enhancement of active O2 transport by magnetic needle is site-specific to the tissue in the vicinity of the tip. This enhancement is more effective in edema condition with a high tissue permeability (>10−9 m2).ConclusionsThe dramatic enhancement of O2 transport to restore the O2 mitochondria metabolism for dysfunctional muscle tissues is the fundamental physiological mechanism of magnetic needle acupuncture.

Modeling and implementation of 1-D inverted magnetic needle system using a robust sliding mode controller

In this paper, we propose a novel problem in control systems area involving the control of a magnetic needle in the presence of an external magnetic field. A magnetic needle when restricted to rotate about a single axis in an external magnetic field, by pivoting its center will produce a stable and unstable equilibrium. Here, we present the detailed mathematical modeling of the 1-D inverted magnetic needle system and its control in the unstable equilibrium point. We use sliding mode controller (SMC) to achieve the control objectives. The simulation results are validated with the experimental results. For achieving a close match, we consider sensor and actuator nonlinearities. Further, its robust performance is compared with proportional-derivative (PD), proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers in the presence of system parameter uncertainty, disturbance, and sensor delay. We also study the effect of change in SMC parameters, proportional and derivative gains on the system performance. It is to be noted that the proposed experimental setup can be extended to a much more general and complex system, both in modeling as well as control design leading to a new benchmark problem in the control system.