A Simple Theory of Argument Schemes

While there has been in depth discussion of many particular argumentation schemes, some lament that there is little to no theory underpinning the notion of an argumentation scheme. Here I shall argue against the utility of argument schemes, at least as a fundamental part of a complete theory of arguments. I shall also present and defend a minimalist theory of their nature—a scheme is just a set of proposition expressions and propositional functions. While simple, the theory contravenes several typical desiderata of argumentation schemes such as (i) aiding in the identification of enthymemes and (ii) keeping arguments constrained to a manageable taxonomy. So much the worse for the desiderata. Instead, I shall recommend focusing less on schemes and more on the component propositional functions.

Dribbling teapots revisited

Researchers have formulated a “complete” theory of the dribbling teapot effect, that considers the inertial, viscous and capillary forces at play when a drop forms at the edge of the teapot spout and then wets the underside of it.

Appearance and Explanation

McCain and Moretti develop a new appearance/seemings-based theory of epistemic justification. This theory, Phenomenal Explanationism, takes as a reasonable starting point the idea that how things appear provides evidence about how the world is. However, unlike other appearance-based theories, Phenomenal Explanationism does not rely on an overly simplistic account of evidential support where things appearing a particular way is sufficient for rationally believing they are that way. Instead, Phenomenal Explanationism takes the insight that appearances are evidence and imbeds it into a broader explanationist framework. In this broader framework the world appearing a particular way provides sufficient justification for believing the world is that way just in case the world being the way it appears best explains the total evidence. Although Phenomenal Explanationism draws inspiration from Phenomenal Conservatism and explanationist theories, it is superior to both in that it offers a satisfying, complete theory of epistemic justification.

Conclusion

The conclusion summarizes the book’s key themes and argument. In addition, the limits of the conclusion is highlighted. If the argument offered is correct, then contextualism is a foundational element within a theory of freedom and moral responsibility, but it is not a complete theory in and of itself. In particular, the theory leaves unresolved the question of what it is an agent deserves. Does an agent deserve blame in light of their wrongdoing? Are punitive sanctions appropriate? Despite these limitations, however, the significant implications of the argument for how we should go about thinking about these difficult questions are outlined.

Black Holes as Possible Dark Matter

Black holes and Dark matter are two fascinating things that are known very little. They may have non gravitational interactions, but those are definitely extremely feeble in comparison to their gravitational interactions. Nowadays some people think that one may contain the other. In this chapter we will see that some black holes may contain the dark matter. These black holes decay under Hawking radiation, but do not vanish completely. They produce stable end states due to both quantum gravitational effects and thermodynamic reasons. These end states are the replicas of what we call dark matter. We will develop the complete theory for decay of such black holes, starting from some scheme independent assumptions for the quantum mechanical nature of the black holes. We will then consider explicit examples of some black holes to show that they indeed produce replicas of dark matter at their end states. Thus this chapter is going to be a manuscript for theoretical development of black hole decay from a quantum mechanical perspective and its consequences for producing replicas of dark matter.

PERIODISASI PERAWI HADIS: Studi Komparasi dan Korelasi Konsep Thabaqat al-Ruwat Masa Klasik dan Modern

<p><span>Periodisasi perawi mulai dikaji sejak abad ke 2 H. untuk keperluan penelitian sanad Hadits dan kritik perawi. Buku-buku indeks periodik paling awal telah terbit di awal abad ke 3 H. Penentuan periodik saat itu masih sangat asumtif dan subjektif dari setiap penulis, belum ada kajian metodologis yang menjadi patokan umum. Embrio teoritis paling awal baru muncul sejak abad ke 7 H oleh Ibn Shalah, yang kemudian menjadi teori utuh pada abad ke 9 H oleh Ibn Hajar. Dalam penelitian ini, originalitas teori Ibn Hajar dalam <em>Taqrib at-Tahdzib</em> ini menjadi konsep klasik dalam periodisasi perawi. Kajian setelah abad itu belum menunjukkan pengembangan yang signifikan, hingga abad ke 15 H saat ini. sehingga pengembangan teori dari konsep klasik oleh Abu Ibrahim berupa tabulasi periodik kemudian menjadi konsep modern. Melalui studi komparasi dan korelasi, peneliti menemukan titik perbedaan dan superioritas kedua konsep tersebut. Konsep klasik adalah hasil analisis data historis, biografi, data pribadi dan data pertemuan perawi yang dirumuskan berdasarkan 6 indikator ke dalam bentuk Buku Indeks Periodik. Sementara konsep modern adalah hasil kalkulasi matematis dari 6 indikator ke dalam bentuk Tabulasi Periodik. Keunggulan konsep klasik adalah kekuatan data historis yang valid, sehingga indeks periodik menjadi prioritas data dalam penetuan periode perawi tertentu. Sementara keunggulan konsep modern terletak pada pendekatan matematis, yang memungkinkan tabulasi menjadi perangkat penentuan periode perawi yang tidak ditemukan data periodiknya sama sekali. </span></p><p>[<strong><span>Periodization of Hadith Narrators: Comparative and Correlation Studies of the Classical and Modern <em>Thabaqat al-Ruwat</em> Concepts</span></strong><span>. The study of the Periodization of Rawi germinated in the 2nd century of Hijriyah, for research on Hadith sanad and Rawi criticism. The earliest periodic index books were published in the early 3rd century of Hijriyah. The earliest theoretical embryos appeared only in the 7th century of Hijriyah by Ibn Salah, which later became a complete theory in the 9th century of Hijriyah by Ibn Hajar. The originality of Ibn Hajar's theory in Taqrib at-Tahdzib became a classical concept in the periodization of Rawi. Studies after that century have not shown significant development, until the 15th century of Hijriyah. The development of the classical concept by Abu Ibrahim, in the form of periodic tabulations, is regarded as a modern concept. Through comparative and correlation studies, we have managed to find a point of difference and superiority between the two concepts. The classic concept is the result of analysis of historical data, biographies, Rawis’ data, and data of their encounters, which are formulated based on 6 indicators into the form of a Periodic Index Book. Meanwhile, the modern concept is the result of mathematical calculations from 6 indicators into the form of Periodic Tabulations. The advantage of the classical concept is the strength of valid historical data, so that the periodic index is the priority of the data in determining the Rawi certain periods. Meanwhile, the advantage of the modern concept is in the mathematical approach, which allows tabulation to be a tool for determining the period of Rawi whose periodic data can’t be found.</span>]</p>

What Is Harming?

A complete theory of harming must have both a substantive component and a formal component. The substantive component, which Victor Tadros calls the ‘currency’ of harm, tells us what I interfere with when I harm you. The formal component, which Tadros calls the ‘measure’ of harm, tells us how the harm to you is related to my action. This chapter surveys the literature on both the currency and the measure of harm. It argues that the currency of harm is well-being and that the measure of harming is best captured by a causal account on which harming is causing a harm. A harm for you is the presence of something intrinsically bad for you or the absence of something intrinsically good for you. Thus, although a counterfactual account of the measure of harm need not distinguish between a harm and a harmful event, the causal account reserves the term ‘harm’, not for a harmful event, but only for its effect. Finally, the chapter shows how a complete theory of harming can help us to answer questions about whether we can harm people with speech, whether we can harm the dead, and how it is possible to harm future generations.

An algebra of the central types of the mutually model-consistent fragments

In this paper, the model-theoretical properties of the algebra of central types of mutually model-consistent fragments are considered. Also, the connections between the center and the Jonsson theory in the permissible signature enrichment are shown, and within the framework of such enrichment, instead of some complete theory under consideration, we can obtain some complete 1-type, and we will call this type the central type, while the theories under consideration will be hereditary. Our work is divided into 3 sections: 1) the outer and inner worlds of the existentially closed model of the Jonsson theory (and the feature between these worlds is considered for two existentially closed models of this theory); 2) the λ-comparison of two existentially closed models (the Schroeder-Bernstein problem is adapted to the study of Jonsson theories in the form of a JSB-problem); 3) an algebra of central types (we carry over the results of Section 2 for the algebra (F r(C), ×), where C is the semantic model of the theory T). Also in this article, the following new concepts have been introduced: the outer and inner worlds of one existentially closed model of the same theory (as well as the world of this model), a totally model-consistent Jonsson theory. The main result of our work shows that the properties of the algebra of Jonsson theories for the product of theories are used as an application to the central types of fixed enrichment. And it is easy to see from the definitions of the product of theories and hybrids that these concepts coincide if the product of two Jonsson theories gives a Jonsson theory.