Force plate gait analysis to assess limb function after tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease

Summary Objective: To assess functional outcome in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease after tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) using force plate gait analysis, and to evaluate parameters potentially influencing outcome. Study design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Consecutive clinical patients (n=37) with CrCL-deficient stifles (n=40). Methods: The stifle joints were examined arthroscopically prior to TTA. Meniscal release was not performed if the medial meniscus was intact. Open medial arthrotomy and partial meniscectomy were performed in the presence of meniscal tears. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured preoperatively and at follow-up examinations four to 16 months postoperatively (mean: 5.9 months). The ground reaction forces of a group of 65 healthy dogs were used for the comparison. The potential effects of clinical parameters on functional outcome were evaluated statistically. Results: Complete CrCL rupture was identified in 28 joints, and partial CrCL rupture in 12 joints. The medial meniscus was damaged in 21 stifles. Vertical ground reaction forces were significantly higher at follow-up (P<0.01), but remained significantly lower than those of control dogs (P<0.01). Complications were identified in 25% of joints, and the dogs with complications had significantly lower peak vertical forces at follow-up than the dogs without complications (P=0.04). Other clinical parameters did not influence outcome. Conclusions: Tibial tuberosity advancement significantly improved limb function in dogs with CrCL disease, but did not result in complete return to function. Complications adversely affected functional outcome. Clinical significance: A return to a function of approximately 90% of normal can be expected in dogs with CrCL disease undergoing TTA.

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Evaluation of changes in vertical ground reaction forces as indicators of meniscal damage after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.156 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 156-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Troy N. Trumble ◽

R. Clark Billinghurst ◽

Alison M. Bendele ◽

C. Wayne McIlwraith

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Meniscal Damage

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Computer-assisted gait analysis of the dog: Comparison of two surgical techniques for the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-10-02-0025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (01) ◽

pp. 11-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. Böddeker ◽

S. Drüen ◽

A. Meyer-Lindenberg ◽

M. Fehr ◽

I. Nolte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gait Analysis ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Force ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

SummaryObjectives: To compare the improvement in degree of lameness following surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs using computer-assisted gait analysis.Methods: Two groups of 14 dogs were used. One group was treated by a capsular-fascial imbrication method, and the other group by tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). All dogs underwent gait analysis prior to surgery, as well as at four days, four weeks, and four months after surgery. Symmetry indices of vertical ground reaction forces as well as vertical ground reaction forces in % body weight, joint angles and certain gait cycle parameters were evaluated.Results: Four months after surgery, the degree of lameness expressed as symmetry index for peak vertical force for the TPLO group (5.83%) was not significantly different to the capsular-fascial imbrication group (19.05%). Within the TPLO group, there was a significantly increased ability to extend the stifle joint four months after surgery. The stifle motion pattern of the capsular-fascial imbrication group as well as the range-of-motion in both groups showed very little change at the time of the last gait analysis. The complication rate was greater in the TPLO group than in the capsular-fascial group.Clinical significance: In conclusion the results suggest that the TPLO method leads to a faster recovery and improved limb function in comparison to the capsular-fascial imbrication method four months after surgery. Further analyses are needed to determine if the TPLO method is superior concerning long-term joint stability.Online supplementary material: A video of the three-dimensional kinematic model is available online at: http://www.vcot-online.com

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Outcome after Modified Maquet Procedure in dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture: Evaluation of recovery limb function by use of force plate gait analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0256011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0256011

Author(s):

Giovanni Della Valle ◽

Chiara Caterino ◽

Federica Aragosa ◽

Fabiana Micieli ◽

Dario Costanza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gait Analysis ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Force Plate ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Plate Analysis ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Introduction Cranial cruciate ligament failure is one of the principal causes of canine lameness. Several surgical procedures were proposed to achieve joint stabilisation; among these, the Modified Maquet Procedure involves using a titanium foam wedge to achieve and maintain the tibial tuberosity advancement. The force-plate analysis provides to objectively assess normal and abnormal gait and the outcome of different surgical techniques. The study evaluates the outcome of limbs that underwent Modified Maquet Procedure using land-force plate analysis comparing the operated limb with its healthy contralateral one as a control. Materials and methods Thirty-five dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture were evaluated. Outcome after surgery was assessed by orthopaedic and radiographic evaluations and force plate gait analysis performed before surgery, at 15, 30 and 90 days after surgery. For objective comparison of ground reaction forces, data of operated limb were compared to contralateral limb on each time control and Symmetry Index at 90 days was determined. Healing radiographic signs, minor and major complication were reported. Results A significant improvement in ground reaction forces was reached in all the treated limbs between set time intervals. The median percentage increase in ground reaction forces was constant from 15 to 90 days, with a Symmetry Index >9 in 54.2% of patients suggesting a normal gait symmetry. A complete bone healing was noticed at 90 days follow-up radiographic assessment. We experienced three major (8.5%) and one minor (2.8%) complications. Conclusions To the Authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in the veterinary literature that assessed outcomes of dogs undergoing Modified Maquet Procedure for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture using force plate gait analysis and healthy contralateral limb as a control group. Our results confirm that Modified Maquet Procedure is an effective method to stabilise the stifle joint.

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Effect of dog breed and body conformation on vertical ground reaction forces, impulses, and stance times

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-10-06-0098 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (02) ◽

pp. 106-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

T. Wiestner ◽

L. Galeandro ◽

M. Hässig ◽

P. M. Montavon ◽

K. Voss

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Size ◽

Force Plate ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Gait Parameters ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Dog Breed ◽

Similar Body ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Summary Objectives: To assess whether fully normalised vertical ground reaction forces and stance times obtained at a trot depend on dog breed or body conformations. Methods: Peak vertical forces (PVF), vertical impulses (VI), stance times (ST), and ratio of forelimb impulse to total impulse (RVI) of 54 dogs of seven different breeds were normalised to body weight and body size according to the theory of dynamic similarity, and were tested for differences between breeds. Breeds were Borzoi, Bernese Mountain dog, Great Dane, Labrador Retriever, Landseer, Rhode-sian Ridgeback, and Rottweiler. Body length ratio (BLR) and body mass index (BMI) were also compared between breeds. Results: Significant differences between breeds were found for the normalised fore-limb PVF, VI and ST, and hindlimb PVF. Looking at individual breeds, it was most evident that Borzois had a lower forelimb VI, and a higher hindlimb PVF than the other breeds. This resulted in Borzois having a lower RVI compared to other dogs, indicating a more caudally located centre of gravity. Only a few differences in gait parameters were found between other dog breeds. The BMI was significantly lower in Borzois than in other breeds, but was otherwise not associated with gait parameters. Clinical significance: Force plate data of dogs of different breeds are not necessarily comparable, even after full normalisation to body weight and body size. Group comparisons should only be made when the groups consist of breeds with similar body conformations.

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Wearable resistance acutely enhances club head speed in skilled female golfers

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954119863882 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 675-680

Author(s):

Paul Macadam ◽

Anita Chau ◽

John Cronin

Keyword(s):

Force Plate ◽

The Body ◽

Golf Swing ◽

Future Research ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Training Methods ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Club Head ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Golf is a skill-based sport which requires optimal swing mechanics to improve golf performance. As practitioners seek training methods to improve swing kinetics without compromising swing kinematics, loading through wearable resistance is one training modality which enables the golf swing to be performed in an overloaded manner. The purpose of this research therefore was to explore the acute effects of wearable resistance on golf swing performance measures. A randomised cross-over design was used with five skilled female golfers (22.0 ± 2.5 years, 163.1 ± 3.3 cm, 57.1 ± 3.4 kg and handicap 4 ± 1.2) who performed a series of golf shots with and without wearable resistance of 1.6 kg (∼2.8% body mass) attached laterally to the posterior trail side of the body. Flightscope launch monitor and force plate technology were used to quantify changes in club head speed and ground reaction forces. Using a paired t-test used for statistical analysis, significant ( p < 0.05) acute increases were found in club head speed (3.5%, p = 0.03), relative vertical ground reaction forces (11.4%, lead side, p = 0.01) and relative mediolateral ground reaction forces (7.1%, trail side, p = 0.03) with wearable resistance as compared to the unloaded condition. Wearable resistance enables a player to perform golf shots in an overloaded manner resulting in significant improvements in club head speed. Future research is required to assess the long-term adaptations to this form of loading on golf swing performance.

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The Modified Maquet Procedure (MMP) in Dogs: Technical Development and Initial Clinical Experience

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/jaaha-ms-6304 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 242-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Malcolm Graham Ness

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Major Complication ◽

Tibial Tuberosity ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Clinical Report ◽

Modified Technique ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Titanium Foam

ABSTRACT The literature about tibial tuberosity advancement surgery in dogs and humans informed the development of a version of the operation using a wedge-shaped implant of titanium foam. Computer-assisted drawing and stereolithography was used to create instruments and implants that were evaluated by cadaver surgery. A trial, involving 26 client-owned dogs with lameness due to cranial cruciate ligament failure, was started. Follow-up was done by clinical and radiographic examination after 4 wk and clinical examination again 6–11 mo after surgery. The titanium foam implant maintained tibial tuberosity advancement easily and effectively. The same major complication occurred in 2 of the first 6 cases before, a slightly modified technique was used to treat 20 dogs without complication. At mid-term follow-up (6–11 mo), 20/26 dogs (77%) had returned to full function, two dogs (7.7%) had acceptable function, two dogs (7.7%) could not be evaluated due to recent contra lateral modified Maquet procedure surgery, and two (7.7%) dogs had died for reasons unrelated to the study. This is the first clinical report of the use of titanium foam in veterinary orthopaedics. Modified Maquet procedure appears to be an effective treatment for lameness due to failure of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.

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Use of an instrument sandwiched between the hoof and shoe to measure vertical ground reaction forces and three-dimensional acceleration at the walk, trot, and canter in horses

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.979 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 61 (8) ◽

pp. 979-985 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Makoto Kai ◽

Osamu Aoki ◽

Atsushi Hiraga ◽

Hironori Oki ◽

Mikihiko Tokuriki

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

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Hip and Knee Kinematics and Kinetics During Landing Tasks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-334-16 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 144-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Adam S. Lepley ◽

Christopher M. Kuenze

Keyword(s):

Ligament Reconstruction ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Injured Limb ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Anterior Cruciate ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Kinematics And Kinetics

Objective: To evaluate the current evidence concerning kinematic and kinetic strategies adopted during dynamic landing tasks by patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science. Study Selection: Original research articles that evaluated kinematics or kinetics (or both) during a landing task in those with a history of ACLR were included. Data Extraction: Methodologic quality was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Means and standard deviations for knee or hip (or both) kinematics and kinetics were used to calculate Cohen d effect sizes and corresponding 95% confidence intervals between the injured limb of ACLR participants and contralateral or healthy matched limbs. Data were further stratified by landing tasks, either double- or single-limb landing. A random-effects–model meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals. Data Synthesis: The involved limbs of ACLR patients demonstrated clinically and significantly lower knee-extension moments during double-legged landing compared with healthy contralateral limbs and healthy control limbs (Cohen d range = −0.81 to −1.23) and decreased vertical ground reaction forces when compared with healthy controls, regardless of task (Cohen d range = −0.39 to −1.75). Conclusions: During single- and double-legged landing tasks, individuals with ACLR demonstrated meaningful reductions in injured-limb knee-extension moments and vertical ground reaction forces. These findings indicate potential unloading of the injured limb after ACLR, which may have significant implications for secondary ACL injury and long-term joint health.

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