External jugular vein: clinical significance of variations in formation and course: a case report

AbstractKnowledge of varying patterns of formation and termination of external jugular vein is not only important for anatomists but also for surgeons operating at this level and interventional radiologists who perform transjugular procedures. Two different variations related to formation and communications of external jugular vein were observed during routine dissection for the first MBBS students in the Department of Anatomy at Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Chalakka, Ernakulum in two different cadavers. The external jugular vein had a communicating channel with cephalic vein which traversed superficial to the clavicle on right side and in second cadaver the right external jugular vein was formed by union of undivided retromandibular vein with posterior auricular vein. Knowing the venous patterns in neck region is of paramount importance in order to avoid unnecessary bleeding during surgical procedures.

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Communicating vein between the right external and internal jugular veins: a case report

Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy) ◽

10.2399/ana.20.835484 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

Eleni Patera ◽

Abduelmenem Alashkham

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Thyroid Cartilage ◽

Radical Neck Dissection ◽

Neck Region ◽

External Jugular Vein ◽

Jugular Veins ◽

The Right ◽

Internal Jugular Veins ◽

Communicating Vein

The external jugular vein is a superficial vein that has a relatively diagonal to vertical course in the neck region and runs superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This vein is formed by the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein and it is responsible for draining most of the scalp and face as well. Sound knowledge of variations of the external jugular veins and the internal jugular veins, is important as these veins are used or targeted in specific medical procedures such as external jugular vein cannulation or radical neck dissection, respectively. During routine postgraduate dissection of the neck region in a 58-year-old female cadaver, the right external jugular vein was seen communicating with the right internal jugular vein via a communicating vein. The communicating vein was located approximately at the lower border of the thyroid cartilage and the upper border of the cricoid cartilage. A thorough understanding of anatomical variations is important in various medical disciplines and more specifically to anatomists, radiologists, and surgeons. This case report does not solely aim to increase awareness regarding variations of the jugular veins that can be possibly encountered during a neck endovascular procedure, but also contribute to the identification of the prevalence rate of this variation.

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Unusual Terminations of the External Jugular Vein and Cephalic Vein: Case Report

Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Case Reports ◽

10.5336/caserep.2014-40508 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 440-443

Author(s):

Kadir DESDİCİOĞLU ◽

Kübra ERDOĞAN ÖZTÜRK ◽

Mehmet Ali MALAS

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

External Jugular Vein ◽

Cephalic Vein

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Embryological and comparative description of the cephalic vein joining the external jugular vein: A case report

Morphologie ◽

10.1016/j.morpho.2017.10.002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (336) ◽

pp. 44-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.C. Araújo ◽

L.A.S. Pires ◽

M.L. Andrade ◽

M.C. Perez ◽

C.S.L. Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

External Jugular Vein ◽

Cephalic Vein ◽

Comparative Description

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Facial Vein Variation: A Cadaveric Study

International Archives of Medicine ◽

10.3823/2547 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Humberto Ferreira Arquez

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Neck Region ◽

External Jugular Vein ◽

Head And Neck Region ◽

Facial Vein ◽

Variable Distance ◽

The Right ◽

The University

Background: The veins of the head and neck have a complex developmental pattern which predisposes them to variations in formation and drainage. Superficial veins of the head and neck are utilized for central venous cannulation, oral reconstruction and parenteral nutrition in debilitated patients. Clinical and sonological examinations of these veins may provide clues toward underlying cardiac pathology. Aims: The aim of the present study was to describe anatomical variation and determined the position of the facial vein in relation to neighboring structures. Methods and Findings: Head and neck region were carefully dissected as per standard dissection procedure, studied serially during the years 2013-2017 in 16 males and 2 females, i.e. 36 sides, embalmed adults cadavers with different age group, in the laboratory of Morphology of the University of Pamplona. In 34 sides (94.5 %) of the cases the facial vein (FV) terminated into the internal jugular vein via the common facial vein (CFV) as per standard anatomic description. The facial vein on two sides (5.5 %) was found to drain into the external jugular vein with different degree of angulations and variable distance from the angle of the mandible. On the right side, the facial vein was draining into external jugular vein (EJV), 63.6 mm below the angle of the mandible. On the left side, the facial vein was draining into EJV, 42.4 mm below the angle of the mandible. The length of the neck was 137.8 mm. The mean distance of the superior and inferior labial veins, deep facial vein, and angular vein from the inferior orbital margin was 41.89 ± 3.01, 52.31 ± 3.72, 26.85 ± 3.55 and 6.25 ± 0.65 mm, respectively. Conclusion: A sound knowledge on variation of the course and termination of facial vein is very useful for oral and maxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, otorrhinologists and radiologists, is essentially important in the clinical examination and surgical procedures of the head and neck region.

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Multiple variations of superficial and deep veins in the neck region of a cadaver: a case report

Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy) ◽

10.2399/ana.20.753013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 150-155

Author(s):

Nilgün Tuncel Çini ◽

Nazan Güner Sak ◽

Senem Turan Özdemir ◽

İlknur Arı

Keyword(s):

Jugular Vein ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Neck Region ◽

External Jugular Vein ◽

Brachiocephalic Vein ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Common Trunk ◽

Communicating Branch ◽

Male Cadaver ◽

The Right

Multiple variations on the right side of the neck of a 65-year-old male cadaver were observed during a routine dissection. The cadaver had no sign of facial trauma or previous surgery. The facial vein had a communicating branch with the internal jugular vein and distally drained into the jugulo-subclavian confluence via a common trunk with external jugular vein. Other superficial veins of the neck drained into the brachiocephalic vein separately. On the contrary, no anatomical variation was observed on the left side. Even if the variations of the head and neck are common, more than one variation in a single cadaver unilaterally is remarkable. We suggest that it is important for surgeons to examine the patients with ultrasound before any clinical interventions on the neck to determine the possible variations beforehand.

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External jugular vein: clinical significance of variations in formation and course: a case report

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.4103/2277-4025.294936 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

KH Raviprasanna ◽

AdityaKrishna Das

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

External Jugular Vein

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A rare variation in the formation of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus its embryological basis and clinical importance - a case report

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v6i4.6727 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 49-52

Author(s):

N Satyanarayana ◽

R Guha ◽

P Sunitha ◽

GN Reddy ◽

G Praveen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Brachial Plexus ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Nerve Roots ◽

Rare Variation ◽

Lower Trunk ◽

Male Cadaver ◽

The Right

Brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves, that supplies the upper limb.Variations in the branches of brachial plexus are common but variations in the roots and trunks are very rare. Here, we report one of the such rare variations in the formations of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus in the right upper limb of a male cadaver. In the present case the lower trunk was formed by the union of ventral rami of C7,C8 and T1 nerve roots. The middle trunk was absent. Upper trunk formation was normal. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2011,Vol-6,No-4, 49-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v6i4.6727

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Aplasia of the superior vena cava and persistent superior left vena cava in a 3-year-old child: Case report

Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care ◽

10.17816/psaic940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 85-90

Author(s):

Vladimir V. Lazarev ◽

Tatiana V. Linkova ◽

Pavel M. Negoda ◽

Anastasiya Yu. Shutkova ◽

Sergey V. Gorelikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Internal Jugular Vein ◽

Superior Vena Cava ◽

Vascular Access ◽

Vascular System ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Superior Vena ◽

Vena Cava ◽

X Ray ◽

The Right

BACKGROUND: Structural features of the patients vascular system can cause unintended complications when providing vascular access and can disorient the specialist in assessing the location of the installed catheter. This study aimed to demonstrate anatomical features of the vascular system of the superior vena cava and diagnostic steps when providing vascular access in a child. CASE REPORT: Patient K (3 years old) was on planned maintenance of long-term venous access. Preliminary ultrasound examination of the superior vena cava did not reveal any abnormalities. Function of the right internal jugular vein under ultrasound control was performed without technical difficulties; a J-formed guidewire was inserted into the vessel lumen. X-ray control revealed its projection in the left heart, which was regarded as a technical complication, so the conductor was removed. A further attempt to insert a catheter through the right subclavian vein led to the same result. For a more accurate diagnosis, the child underwent computed angiography of the superior vena cava system. Congenital anomalies of the vascular system included aplasia of the superior vena cava and persistent left superior vena cava. Considering the information obtained, the Broviac catheter was implanted under ultrasound control through the left internal jugular vein without technical difficulties with the installation of the distal end of the catheter into the left brachiocephalic vein under X-ray control. CONCLUSION: A thorough multifaceted study of the vascular anatomy helps solve the anatomical issues by ensuring vascular access and preventing the risks of complications.

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