Ellagic Acid Administration Negated the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Deficit in Rats

AbstractRampant production of pro-oxidants and inadequate antioxidant availability in brain exert oxidative stress, which in synergism with impaired glucose metabolism and inflammation leads to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Ellagic acid (EGA) is a phenolic compound present in various fruits and is reported to possess robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the effect of EGA administration on streptozotocin (STZ) induced dementia in rats. Bilateral intracerebroventricle (ICV) injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) was given to Wistar rats (200 g) on day 1 and 3. EGA (17.5 and 35 mg/kg) was administered orally to rats for 28 days daily. The spatial memory of rats was quantified by using Morris water maze and elevated plus maze. Brain TBARS, GSH and TNF-α were also measured. Administration of EGA prevented the induction of STZ-ICV triggered cognitive deficits as evident by a significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean escape latency during acquisition trial and increased (p<0.05) time spent in target quadrant during retrieval trial in Morris water maze test, and reduction (p<0.05) in transfer latency in elevated plus maze test. Furthermore, both the doses of EGA attenuated STZ-ICV induced rise in brain TBARS as well as TNF-α and simultaneously enhanced the GSH content. Thus, EGA ameliorated STZ-induced dementia by probably restoring the balance between cellular pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants in brain of rats.

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Effects of Insulin against Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research ◽

10.15416/pcpr.v5i2.28096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

MD Amir Alam ◽

Garima Bansal

Keyword(s):

Morris Water Maze ◽

Water Maze ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Aluminium Toxicity ◽

Morris Water Maze Test ◽

Rotarod Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze

Aluminium toxicity is well known to cause neurotoxicity leading to Alzheimer disease with dementia. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Insulin in Aluminium induced neurotoxicity. Thirty male wistar rats randomized into three groups (group V, C, T) of ten each were used for the study after obtaining institutional animal ethics committee approval. Chronic aluminium neurotoxicity was induced in the rats and the neurobehavior was evaluated using Morris water maze test, elevated plus maze test and rotarod test using standard methodologies. Group C rats exhibited significant deviation in performance of behavioural test of the study during day 1 (Morris water maze test- 18.6±9.5, elevated plus maze test- 34.9±1.9, rotarod test- 118.6±15.2) and day 30 (Morris water maze test- 64.5±4.6, elevated plus maze test- 72.1±3.9, rotarod test- 110.7±9.3). Rats of group T showed decrease in behavioural changes induced by aluminium toxicity (P value: Morris water maze test-0.0002, elevated plus maze test- 0.0007 and rotarod test- 0.015). Insulin may play a role in neuroprotection against toxicity similar to that of aluminium induced neurotoxicity.

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Acupuncture Improves Cognitive Deficits and Increases Neuron Density of the Hippocampus in Middle-Aged Samp8 Mice

Acupuncture in Medicine ◽

10.1136/acupmed-2012-010180 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 339-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Guomin Li ◽

Xuezhu Zhang ◽

Haiyan Cheng ◽

Xuemei Shang ◽

Hui Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Morris Water Maze ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Water Maze ◽

Morris Water Maze Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Neuron Loss ◽

Neuron Density ◽

Maze Test ◽

Samp8 Mice

Objectives To examine whether acupuncture could improve cognitive deficits and reduce the loss of neurons in mice models of ageing. Methods Male 7.5-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) and age-matched senescence-resistant inbred strains 1 (SAMR1) were divided into four groups (n=15 per group): SAMP8 acupuncture group (Pa), SAMP8 non-acupuncture point control group (Pn), SAMP8 control group (Pc) and SAMR1 normal control group (Rc). The behaviours were examined by the Morris water maze test and the neuron density in the hippocampus was estimated by the optical fractionator technique. Results The Morris water maze test demonstrated that the cognitive deficits of SAMP8 mice were improved by acupuncture treatment. Neuronal loss was found in hippocampal regions CA1 (−24%), CA3 (−18%) and DG (−28%) of Pc compared with Rc. The neuron number in hippocampal CA3 and DG of the Pa group was significantly increased by therapeutic acupuncture compared with the Pc group. Conclusions Acupuncture improved the cognitive impairment of middle-aged SAMP8 mice which could be attributed to the reduced neuron loss in hippocampal regions CA3 and DG. These results suggest that reducing neuron loss in the hippocampus by acupuncture is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment diseases.

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Characterization of mice lacking the gene for cholecystokinin

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00682.2007 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 294 (3) ◽

pp. R803-R810 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Chun-Min Lo ◽

Linda C. Samuelson ◽

James Brad Chambers ◽

Alexandra King ◽

Justin Heiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Food Intake ◽

Morris Water Maze ◽

Water Maze ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Morris Water Maze Test ◽

Fat Absorption ◽

Running Wheel ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Intestinal Fat Absorption

CCK acts peripherally as a satiating peptide released during meals in response to lipid feeding and centrally functions in the modulation of feeding, exploratory, and memory activities. The present study determined metabolic parameters, food intake, anxiety-like behaviors, and cognitive function in mice lacking the CCK gene. We studied intestinal fat absorption, body composition, and food intake of CCK knockout (CCK-KO) mice by using the noninvasive measurement of intestinal fat absorption along with quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging and the DietMax system, respectively. Additionally, exploratory and memory capacities were assessed by monitoring running wheel activity and conducting elevated plus-maze and Morris water-maze tests with these mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) littermate controls, CCK-KO mice had normal food intake, fat absorption, body weight, and body mass. CCK-KO mice ate more food than control animals during the light period and less food during the dark period. Energy expenditure was unchanged between the genotypes; however, CCK-KO mice displayed greater fatty acid oxidation. CCK-KO mice were as active as WT animals in the running wheel test. CCK-KO mice spent more time in the closed arms of an elevated plus-maze, indicative of increased anxiety. Additionally, CCK-KO mice exhibited attenuated performance in a passive avoidance task and impaired spatial memory in the Morris water maze test. We conclude that CCK is involved in metabolic rate and is important for memory and exploration. CCK is intimately involved in multiple processes related to cognitive function and food intake regulation.

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The effect of intra-amygdalar leptin administration on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors in rats

Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine ◽

10.52142/omujecm.38.3.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 331-335

Author(s):

Hayriye SOYTURK ◽

Bihter Gökçe BOZAT ◽

Hamit COŞKUN ◽

Fatma PEHLİVAN KARAKAŞ

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Morris Water Maze ◽

Water Maze ◽

Low Dose ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Low Doses ◽

Experimental Protocol ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Anxiety Depression

Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intra-amygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intra-amygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1 μg/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on mobility in the center of the Porsolt. A high dose of leptin group had spent less time around the platform than controls in the Morris water maze test. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of serotonin and glutamate in the amygdala region increased after low dose leptin administration. Intra-amygdalar injection of low doses of leptin may decrease anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats by increasing serotonin and glutamate levels in the amygdala.

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“We are antidepressant also”: aspirin and diclofenac sodium

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20204098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1569

Author(s):

Meera Sumanth ◽

Prajwala R. Khapale

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Immobility Time

Background: Many studies have indicated that inflammation and depression are associated with each other. Present study was taken up to prove antidepressant effect of aspirin and diclofenac sodium.Methods: The present study was divided into 6 phases with 5 groups of animals N=10. In study 1, C57Bl mice were used and in remaining 4 studies swiss albino mice. Amitriptyline was standard drug used. For each study first group of animals was treated with a saline solution 1ml P.O., and second group of animals injected with 0.1 ml of 2% formalin. In group 3, 4, 5 animals depression was produced by stressors and treated with aspirin 14mg/kg P.O., diclofenac sod. 10 mg/kg P.O. and amitriptyline 10 mg/kg P.O., respectively. Antidepressant activity of aspirin and diclofenac sodium was determined by using forced swim test, tail suspension test, elevated plus maze test and light dark box test. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) and central neurotransmitters (5-HT, NE, Ach) were estimated.Results: In light dark box test, latency of first crossing, time spent in dark area were decreased and no. of crossing increased significantly in the aspirin, diclofenac sod. treated animals. In forced swim test, the immobility time was decreased. Swiss albino mice treated with aspirin, diclofenac sod. showed decreased concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased concentration of serotonin, nor epinephrine and acetylcholine. In elevated plus maze test, no. of open arm, closed arm entries, time spent in open arm increased and time spent in closed arm decreased. In tail suspension test immobility time was decreased.Conclusions: Aspirin and diclofenac sodium has antidepressant activity.

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Pengaruh Antosianin Ubi Ungu terhadap TNF-α, Apoptosis dan Memori Spasial Hipokampus Tikus Model Diabetes Melitus

Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya ◽

10.21776/ub.jkb.2018.030.01.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Darwatik Darwatik ◽

Retty Ratnawati ◽

Sri Rianawati ◽

Imam Sarwono

Keyword(s):

Morris Water Maze ◽

Water Maze ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Morris Water Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Diabetes Melitus

<p>Hiperglikemia pada diabetes melitus menyebabkan penurunan fungsi memori spasial. Terapi yang efektif terhadap gangguan fungsi kognitif akibat hiperglikemia yang sampai saat ini masih dalam perdebatan, menjadikan pendekatan pencegahan menjadi pilihan. Ubi ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) merupakan tanaman tradisional yang mengandung antosianin, sebagai antiinflamasi, antioksidan, berhubungan dengan peningkatan signalling neuronal otak dalam memperbaiki fungsi memori. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian antosianin ubi ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) terhadap ekspresi TNF-α, apoptosis dan fungsi memori spasial tikus wistar/(Rattus novergicus) model diabetes melitus. Pendekatan ekperimental dilakukan dalam 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, antosianin dosis 10, 20, dan 80mg/kgBB selama 6 minggu. Ekspresi TNF-α dan apoptosis diukur menggunakan imunohistokimia, fungsi memori spasial dengan Morris water maze test. Dosis Antosianin 80mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi TNF-α dan apoptosis secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol positif (p=0,028, p=0,025). Dosis 10 dan 20mg/kgBB menurunkan waktu tempuh Morris water maze hari ke 54 pada semua kuadran secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol positif (p=0,000). Pemberian antosianin dosis 80mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi TNF-α dan apoptosis sel hipokampus, antosianin dosis 10 dan 20mg/kgBB menurunkan waktu tempuh Morris water maze pada tikus wistar/Rattus novergicus model diabetes melitus.</p>

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Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Properties of the β-caryophyllene in Swiss Mice: Involvement of Benzodiazepine-GABAAergic, Serotonergic and Nitrergic Systems

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467213666200510004622 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 36-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

George L. da Silva Oliveira ◽

José C. Correia L. da Silva ◽

Ana P. dos Santos C. L da Silva ◽

Chistiane M. Feitosa ◽

Fernanda R. de Castro Almeida

Keyword(s):

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Feeding Test ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Gabaergic Receptors ◽

Pre Treatment

Background: Central nervous system disorders such as anxiety, depression and epilepsy are characterized by sharing several molecular mechanisms in common and the involvement of the L-arginine/NO pathway in neurobehavioral studies with β-caryophyllene is still little discussed. Objectives: One of the objectives of the present study was to demonstrate the anxiolytic behavioral effect of β-caryophyllene (β-CBP) in female Swiss mice, as well as to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the results obtained. Methods: This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of β-CBP using the open field test, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze test, novelty suppressed feeding test, tail suspension test and forced swim test, as well as pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced epileptic seizure models. Results:: The results demonstrated that the neuropharmacological activities of β-CBP may involve benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, since the pre-treatment of β-CBP (200 mg/kg) associated with flumazenil (5 mg/kg, benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg, selective GABAA receptor antagonist) reestablished the anxiety parameters in the elevated plus-maze test, as well as the results of reduced latency to consume food in the novelty suppressed feeding test. In addition to benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, the neuropharmacological properties of β-CBP may be related to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, since pre-treatment with L-arginine (500- 750 mg/kg) reversed significantly the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of β-CBP. Conclusion: The results obtained provide additional support in understanding the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsive properties of β-CBP in female Swiss mice.

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Effects of test experience, closed-arm wall color, and illumination level on behavior and plasma corticosterone response in an elevated plus maze in male C57BL/6J mice: a challenge against conventional interpretation of the test

Molecular Brain ◽

10.1186/s13041-020-00721-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hirotaka Shoji ◽

Tsuyoshi Miyakawa

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Illumination Level ◽

Test Battery ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Behavioral Tests ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Corticosterone Response

AbstractThe elevated plus maze test is a widely used test for assessing anxiety-like behavior and screening novel therapeutic agents in rodents. Previous studies have shown that a variety of internal factors and procedural variables can influence elevated plus maze behavior. Although some studies have suggested a link between behavior and plasma corticosterone levels, the relationships between them remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of experience with a battery of behavioral tests, the wall color of the closed arms, and illumination level on the behavior and plasma corticosterone responses in the elevated plus maze in male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were either subjected to a series of behavioral tests, including assessments of general health and neurological function, a light/dark transition test, and an open field test, or left undisturbed until the start of the elevated plus maze test. The mice with and without test battery experience were allowed to freely explore the elevated plus maze. The other two independent groups of naïve mice were tested in mazes with closed arms with different wall colors (clear, transparent blue, white, and black) or different illumination levels (5, 100, and 800 lx). Immediately after the test, blood was collected to measure plasma corticosterone concentrations. Mice with test battery experience showed a lower percentage of open arm time and entries and, somewhat paradoxically, had lower plasma corticosterone levels than the mice with no test battery experience. Mice tested in the maze with closed arms with clear walls exhibited higher open arm exploration than mice tested in the maze with closed arms with black walls, while there were no significant differences in plasma corticosterone levels between the different wall color conditions. Illumination levels had no significant effects on any measure. Our results indicate that experience with other behavioral tests and different physical features of the maze affect elevated plus maze behaviors. Increased open arm time and entries are conventionally interpreted as decreased anxiety-like behavior, while other possible interpretations are considered: open arm exploration may reflect heightened anxiety and panic-like reaction to a novel situation under certain conditions. With the possibility of different interpretations, the present findings highlight the need to carefully consider the test conditions in designing experiments and drawing conclusions from the behavioral outcomes in the elevated plus maze test in C57BL/6J mice.

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