Calcium Oxalate Urinary-Tract Stones in Patients on Maintenance Dialysis

Background: The urinary tract stones include renal (nephrolithiasis), ureter (ureterolithiasis), and urinary bladder stones (cystolithiasis). The knowledge of the mineral composition of the urinary tract stone is important for the treatment, patient education, and to develop preventative strategies. Aim: This study aims to characterize the proportion of different types of urinary tract stones and their chemical composition in Khost province. Material and Methods: A retrospective, the hospital-based study design was used. The stones were analyzed using simple qualitative biochemical tests. A total of 63 patients were included in this study from Sept 2016 to Aug 2019. The stones were checked for the presence of calcium, magnesium, ammonium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Results: The results obtained showed the incidence of the kidney (48 stones), ureteric (4 stones), urinary bladder (11 stones) at the age group of 18-75 years (mean 56.2). The incidence in men was higher than women, male to female ratio being 3:1. The chemical analysis of overall stones has shown that 88.21% had mixed compositions, and 11.79% presented a unique composition. The majority of stones obtained from women was cystine (70%) and oxalate (72%) stones, whereas the majority of stones in men were that of calcium oxalate (76%) and uric acid (74%) stones. Eight of the stones were pure of calcium oxalate, five were pure uric acid, 7 were pure cystine, and 43 were mixed stones. Among the mixed stones, oxalate was present in 32 samples (43 of total), calcium was present in 36 samples, uric acid was seen in 17, phosphate was present in 23, and cysteine was present in 14 stones. Conclusion: This study showed that the most common type of mineral composition found in different urinary stones is calcium oxalate (81%), followed by cystine and uric acid. Further broader and large scale studies are required to assess the mineral base of the urinary tract stones in Afghanistan to develop preventive strategies and promote public awareness about dietary recommendations.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Ultra-Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Stones Sized between 10-20 mm in Children Younger Than 8 Years Old.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.739164961.793580864 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M Hammad Ather

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽

Upper Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Stones

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Composition of Uroliths seen in patients in Abuja, Nigeria: a single centre retrospective analysis of 155 stones

African Journal of Urology ◽

10.1186/s12301-021-00195-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Celsus Ukelina Undie ◽

Ewomazino Ibanga Nnana ◽

Kalenebari Raymond Torporo

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Upper Urinary Tract ◽

Modern Technology ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

Mixed Composition ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Uric Acid Stones ◽

Male Patients

Abstract Background Uroliths are stones formed in the urinary tract. Analysis of stones helps to identify risk factors for their development and prevention of recurrence. Standard stone analysis using modern technology is not routinely done in Nigeria. This study sought to determine the chemical composition of urinary stones seen in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods This was a retrospective study on composition of uroliths. Urinary stones surgically removed from 155 patients through minimal access surgical procedures between January 2015 and August 2019 were analysed. Optical crystallography and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the urinary stones. Results A total of 155 urinary stones were assembled from the patients. More stones were removed from male patients and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Stones were rare in the extremes of age. The predominant location (89.7%) of stones was in the upper urinary tract. All stones were of mixed composition with calcium oxalate accounting for 93.55%. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid stones were more common in the upper tract, while 2 of the 3 struvite stones were found in the lower tract. Conclusion Stones found in this study were of mixed composition with the most common constituent being Calcium oxalate and the least common, struvite.

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Flexible ureterorenoscopy to treat upper urinary tract stones in children

Urolithiasis ◽

10.1007/s00240-018-1083-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 57-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Suliman ◽

Tariq Burki ◽

Massimo Garriboli ◽

Jonathan Glass ◽

Arash Taghizadeh

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Upper Urinary Tract ◽

Flexible Ureterorenoscopy ◽

Urinary Tract Stones

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Deep learning with a convolutional neural network algorithm for automated detection of urinary tract stones using abdominal X-ray image

European Urology Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1569-9056(19)30778-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. e1077-e1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Ishioka ◽

M. Kobayashi ◽

M. Fujiwara ◽

N. Kawamura ◽

T. Okuno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Convolutional Neural Network ◽

Automated Detection ◽

X Ray ◽

Network Algorithm ◽

Urinary Tract Stones ◽

Neural Network Algorithm

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Urinary Tract Stones

Medical Therapy in Urology ◽

10.1007/978-1-84882-704-2_11 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 147-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William G. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Urinary Tract Stones

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The effect of urinary tract calculosis to levels of low molecular inhibitors of crystallization in the urine

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh0602040m ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 134 (1-2) ◽

pp. 40-43

Author(s):

Dragica Milenkovic ◽

Natasa Lalic

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Shock Waves ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Upper Urinary Tract ◽

Therapeutic Procedure ◽

Residual Stone ◽

Extracorporeal Shock Waves ◽

Urinary Levels ◽

Urinary Tract Stones ◽

Pre Treatment

The incidence of urinary tract calculosis continuously progresses. The triggering event in the process of stone formation is decreased urinary level of crystallizing inhibitors. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the existing stone or applied therapeutic procedure - extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL) - has effect to urinary levels of Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate. Study included 128 patients with the upper urinary tract stones. ESWL using the Lithostar (Siemens) device was used as a mode of treatment. Out of all patients, 76 (59%) were free of stone particles before 1 month, while 52 (41%) had residual stone fragments even 3 months after ESWL. Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate were measured in 24hurine specimens: before, between days 2 and 3, as well as 1 and 3 months after ESWL. The analysis of the results revealed that stone itself had no effect on urinary crystallizing inhibitors. Detected increased urinary levels of Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate after ESWL, compared with pre-treatment values, could be attributed to applied therapeutic procedure.

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