PHARMACEUTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NIGELLA SATIVA L., A WONDER HERB

Nigella sativa L. (Family: Ranunculaceae; commonly known as black cumin) is an annual herb. N. sativa is cultivated and distributed all over India, especially in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Gangetic plains, Bihar, Bengal, Assam and Maharashtra. Among the traditional remedies, prescriptions of Nigella sativa for the treatment of various diseases are well-known since the prehistoric era. Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa are thought to be due to nigellone and thymoquinone contents. The reported pharmacological properties include protection against disease and chemical-induced renal and hepatic toxicity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-microbial and antineoplastic activities. The oil decreases blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose and increases respiration, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. In the traditional system of medicine, black cumin seeds are effective against cough, bronchitis, asthma, chronic headache, migraine, dizziness, chest congestion, dysmenorrheal, obesity, diabetes, paralysis, hemiplegia, back pain, infection, inflammation, rheumatism, hypertension and gastrointestinal problems such as dyspepsia, flatulence, dysentery, and diarrhea. In this review, we will elaborate about this wonder herb having miraculous effects.

PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED COATS ON PENTYLENETETRAZOLE (PTZ) INDUCED KINDLING AND BEHAVIORAL COMORBIDITIES

Introduction: To investigate the preventive effect of Phaseolus vulgaris seed coats on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities. Material and Methods: Thirty Wistar albino rats were categorized into five groups. The first group received regular saline (0.9 % w/v NaCl) p.o.; the second group received PTZ (35 mg/kg b.w.) i.p.; the third group received valproic acid (200 mg/kg b.w.) p.o.; the fourth group received P. vulgaris extract (100 mg/kg b.w.) p.o.; the fifth group received P. vulgaris extract (200 mg/kg b.w.) p.o. on an alternate day for 21 days. PTZ improved lipid peroxidase levels, decreased Glutathione level, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, increased Nitric Oxide level. Result: This study revealed that P. vulgaris (Hydroalcoholic extract) increased the anti-oxidant level of both 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg compared to the PTZ category. Histopathological findings revealed that the hippocampal section of the brain of rats receiving P. vulgaris extract had improved relative to the receiving PTZ group. Conclusion: Based on the result, it is proposed that Phaseolus vulgaris has anti-oxidant properties. This is useful for the treatment of epilepsy.

COGNIZANCE FOR COVID 19 VACCINATION: CHOICE OF RECOMBINANT VIRAL VECTOR OR WHOLE VIRION INACTIVATED VACCINE

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ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR STABILITY INDICATING HPTLC METHOD FOR ASSAY OF STIRIPENTOL IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM

Introduction: This work is concerned with the stability-indicating method development and validation of Stiripentol in a bulk drug and formulation by high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method (HPTLC). Materials and Methods:The pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plate was selected as the stationary phase, and the solvent system consisted of Ethyl acetate: Dichloromethane: Toluene (2:2:6 v/v) used as developing solvents. Analysis of Stiripentol was carried out at 301 nm with Stiripentol being detected at an R(f) of 0.63. The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantitation (LoQ), robustness parameters, and stability are determined by force degradation study. Results and Discussion: The correlation coefficient of Stiripentol was 0.994 observed. The calibration plot was linear between 50–300 ng/band, respectively. The average percentage recovery of Stiripentol was found to be 100.25 %. Intra and inter-day precision measured as %RSD was less than 2%. Hence stability study of Stiripentol, it was found to degrade in acidic condition(8.52% - 0.1N HCL for 30 minutes at room temperature), alkali condition(7.47%- 0.1 N NaOH for 30min at room temperature), Hydrolytic condition(4.73%– dist. Water for 30min at room temperature), thermal condition(7.69%-40°C for 30min ), oxidative condition(7.55% - 3% H2O2 for 30min at room temperature) and photolytic UV condition(7.54% -24hr UV radiation) respectively. Stiripentol was unstable in acidic condition and stable in normal dist. Water hydrolytic condition. Conclusion: The proposed method was found to be very sensitive and accurate for the determination of Stiripentol in bulk and formulation.

EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) ON SPIROMETRIC PARAMETERS OF COPD PATIENTS

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the world but is projected to be the 3rd leading cause of death by 2020. More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2012 accounting for 6% of all deaths globally. COPD represent an important public health challenge that is both preventable and treatable. COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world; many people suffer from this disease for years, and die prematurely from it or its complications. Afghanistan is also one of those countries in which the mortality rate of COPD has gradually increased, therefore this problem needs prompt attention and is more essential to focus on. Objective: This study aimed to determine and evaluate the effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) on Spirometric parameters of COPD patients and association between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and changes of spirometric parameters of various age groups, gender and smokers in OPD patients of COPD of Khost province of Afghanistan. Material and Methods: It is prospective observational research, on 100 COPD patients in Khost province from 2019/3/22 to 2019/8/24. Spirometric parameters of all 100 patients under study (research) after diagnosis of COPD before treatment such as FVC, FEV1 and PEFR by (ME1 2AZ) model spirometer manufactured by (VYair) Company in (2005), diagnosed and recorded in computer special format, then inhaled corticosteroids therapy prescribed for three months and prescriptions are copied. After three months of treatment, the spirometric parameters of all 100 patients under study (research) were re-diagnosed and recorded using this model spirometer. The pre-treatment and post-treatment recorded spirometric parameters processing, comparison and evaluation results have been identified by IBM SPSS-25 version. Results: The study was conducted over a five month period from March 2019 to August 2019 in 100 COPD patients in Khost province. Initially the effects of ICS on spirometric parameters were evaluated in all COPD patients and it was proved that ICS has a positive impact on all three spirometric parameters of all age groups, The average FEV1 before ICS is 67.13 ∓3,79 and after ICS is 74.69 ∓3,70 the positive improvement between the average is 7.56%. Average FVC before ICS is 74.37 ∓4,33 and after ICS is 81.71 ∓ 4,41, improvement between average is 7.34%. Average PEFR before ICS is 67.15 ∓ 7,46 and after ICS 83.53 ∓ 7,39, improvement between average is 16.38%.The progression between the average is seen in all parameters, but the effect on PEFR (16.38%) is more pronounced than in FEV1 and FVC and in all three parameters P less then 0.05(see table-1). The effects of ICS on all three spirometric parameters in different age groups of total COPD patients showed that ICS affects all age groups, but the age group VI (70-79Y) has an average of 67.43 FEV1 before ICS and 75.86 after ICS, with a positive improvement between the average of 8.43%.The FVC average before ICS is 74.63 and after ICS is 83.23, the improvement between the average is 8.60%. The average PEFR before ICS is 64.96 and after ICS is 82.60, the improvement between the average is 17.63%. The effect of ICS is most pronounced on all three spirometric parameters of this age category. The second row has a significant effect on the group VII (80-90Y) and the third row has a significant effect on the group V (60-69Y). The effect of ICS gradually decreases from the first group I (22-29Y), this meaning that ICS is more effective in older age groups than in younger age groups (see table-2). Research on gender, tobacco use, and middle age in all COPD patients showed that the Khost province's COPD prevalence was 23 (23%) in males and 77 (77%) in females. COPD is more prevalent in female (77%) than in male. Also, smoking does not significantly affect the prevalence of COPD, as the total percentage of smokers is 9 (9%) and the average age of patients with COPD is 61.05 years (see Table 3). Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicated that ICS has a positive impact on spirometric parameters of all age groups of COPD patients, but ICS has significant effect on PEFR parameter. ICS also has a positive impact on spirometric parameters of all age groups of COPD patients, but ICS have a significant effect on spirometric parameters of VI-(70-79Y) and V-(60-69Y) age groups and ICS effect in young age groups gradually decreased. Moreover prevalence of COPD at Khost province is significantly increased in female. Smoking has not significant effect on prevalence of COPD. Mean age if COPD patients elderly at Khost province.

CORONA VIRUS OUTBREAK AND IT’S IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

There is another general wellbeing emergencies undermining the world with the rise and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection started in bats and was transmitted to people through yet obscure go-between creatures in Wuhan, Hubei territory, China in December 2019. There are more than 48,15,484 infected cases all around the globe. This can be transmitted from one to another very quickly only by coughing or sneezing or direct contact with infected person. World Health Organization also has stated that there is no future course of this virus is available till now. As a preventive measure the complete stop on outgoings i.e. lockdown is surrendered. The lockdown all over the country or all around the globe is becoming a huge crisis for the economy and of countries the life cycle of the humans. The lockdown has affected all the businesses, works, private sectors as well as government sectors. The impact of lockdown on the pharmaceutical industries can be a great boon if its taken positively. Keywords: coronavirus, SARS-CoV 2, wuhan, transmitted, crisis, lockdown, impact.

ROLE OF KYNURENINE PATHWAY METABOLITES IN DEPRESSION-A REVIEW

Today most common psychiatric problem across the world is depression and stress is main source of ailment. According to World health organization, it will be the main cause of morbidity by 2020 in the world. Depression can critically affects the quality of life as it is characterized by many symptoms like unhappy feeling, lack of interest and pleasure, down energy, inadequacy, regret feeling, slow-down of thoughts or reduction in physical movement, speech can affects, altered appetite or sleep, sad, and increase the risk of suicide. Human body is inadequate to produce tryptophan which is a crucial amino acid; therefore it must be required from diet. After absorption, L-tryptophan crosses the BBB (Blood brain barrier) by non-specific L-type amino acid transporter and act as precursor to various metabolic pathways in central nervous system (CNS). Kynurenine is an important pathway that is associated with tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, where it develops a lot of metabolites such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), anthranilic acid (AA), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) known as kynurenines. It is already reported previously that disturbance in neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites leads to many psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the role of kynurenine pathway metabolites in depression.

TOPICAL APPLICATION OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA CREAM INHIBITS ULTRAVIOLET-B-INDUCED PSORIASIS IN RATS

Introduction: The present study aims at evaluating anti oxidant activity and inhibition of topical application of Terminalia chebula cream in ultraviolet –B-induced psoriasis in rats. Materials &Methods: The seeds of Terminalia chebula were dried and powder was extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and deionized water by cold maceration method. Total phenolic content, total tannin content and total triterpenoid content was determined by different methods. Anti oxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method and reducing power assay. Cream formulation of the optimized extract was prepared by hot fusion method. Psoriasis was induced by irradiatiating for 30 min at a vertical distance of 20 cm with UV light (385 nm) on the skin. Severity index, hydroxyproline content and epidermal thickness was determined. Results and Discussion: Total Phenol (mg gallic acid/ g) content, Total Tannins (mg catechin/ g) content and Total triterpenoid (mg ursolic acid/ g) content was found to be significant for water extract.The reducing ability of water extract was always higher than methanol extract at all the concentrations. Conclusion: We concluded that cream containing 0.1% water extract of Terminalia chebula seeds possess antioxidant activity along with potent antipsoriatic activity. Further, application of Terminalia chebula cream resulted in decrease in relative epidermal thickness of animal skin as well as other histopathological features. The present investigation aims at the development of potent phytomedicine for treatment of psoriasis from the Terminalia chebula plant.

LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM – A REVIEW

A liposome is the drug delivery system which is used for the administration of various types of drugs or active substance(1) are essential for the treatment of various types of disease. A liposome is a very effective drug delivery system to Target the active medicament to an effective part of the body without entrapping or affecting the other body part that's why it is also called the targeted drug delivery system. Liposomes are available in various sizes to the range for treatment to various types of disease as the carrier for targeted the medicament or drug to active site at a predetermined rate & time range, without affecting the other body part for the treatment of a particular disease. they are colloidal spheres of cholesterol non-poisonous surfactants, sphingolipids, glycolipids, long-chain unsaturated fats, and even layer proteins and active atoms or it is also called vesicular system. (2) this review discusses the advantages and disadvantages, various methods of preparation, evaluation, etc.

SettingsTOPICAL APPLICATION OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA CREAM INHIBITS ULTRAVIOLET-B-INDUCED PSORIASIS IN RATS

Introduction: The present study aims at evaluating anti oxidant activity and inhibition of topical application of Terminalia chebula cream inultraviolet –B-induced psoriasis in rats.Materials and Methods: The seeds of Terminalia chebula were dried and powder was extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol,methanol, and deionized water by cold maceration method. Total phenolic content, total tannin content and total triterpenoid content wasdetermined by different methods. Anti oxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method and reducing power assay. Cream formulation of theoptimized extract was prepared by hot fusion method. Psoriasis was induced by irradiatiating for 30 min at a vertical distance of 20 cm withUV light (385 nm) on the skin. Severity index, hydroxyproline content and epidermal thickness was determined.Results: Total Phenol (mg gallic acid/ g) content, Total Tannins (mg catechin/ g) content and Total triterpenoid (mg ursolic acid/ g) contentwas found to be significant for water extract.The reducing ability of water extract was always higher than methanol extract at all theconcentrations.Conclusion: We concluded that cream containing 0.1% water extract of Terminalia chebula seeds possess antioxidant activity along withpotent antipsoriatic activity. Further, the application of Terminalia chebula cream resulted in decrease in relative epidermal thickness of animalskin as well as other histopathological features. The present investigation aims at the development of potent phytomedicine for treatment ofpsoriasis from the Terminalia chebula plant.