Taking the Law into their Own Hands: Women, Legal Reform and Legal Literacy in Brazil

2002 ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Macaulay
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Literacy ◽  
The Law

Milton and Legal Reform

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
John Milton ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
The Law ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
Political Pamphlets ◽  
Contemporary Context

AbstractThe second half of the seventeenth century was the first great period of legal reform in England’s history. This article situates John Milton in relationship to this contemporary context, arguing that he comments frequently on the need to change England’s laws and displays a finely tuned awareness of some of the major legal debates of his time. This article surveys Milton’s writings about the law and legal education, and it concludes by examining his 1659–60 political pamphlets where he calls for reform of the judicial system and the establishment of local courts.

scholarly journals PENYEBAB TIDAK BEKERJANYA HUKUM PEMENUHAN HAK PENYANDANG DISABILITAS PADA LAYANAN TRANSPORTASI DI JAWA TIMUR PERSPEKTIF PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DAN MAQASHID SYARIAH

JURISDICTIE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Musa Taklima
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Literacy ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
Transportation Accessibility ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

<p><em>This study aims to describe first, the main factors causing the inability of the law to fulfill transportation accessibility rights for persons with disabilities in East Java, secondly, the legal review of consumer protection and maqashid sharia against non-fulfillment of transportation accessibility rights for persons with disabilities, third, legal solutions to compliance transportation accessibility rights of persons with disabilities in East Java. The research method used is empirical research with a sociological juridical approach that is related to the effectiveness of the law to fulfill the accessibility rights of persons with disabilities in the field of transportation, which relies on primary data obtained through guided free interviews from primary data sources as well: (1) Transportation Service of East Java Province , (2) Regional Representative Council of the East Java Highway Transport Organization (Organda), which is then analyzed descriptively by a deductive pattern. The results of this study, first, legal norms used to burden the obligation to fulfill the right of accessibility of persons with disabilities to business actors are mandatory norms not prohibitors, business actors do not have legal awareness because they do not know about these obligations and apparatuses also do not have legal norms this is because of ignorance of this obligation, second, in the perspective of legal consumer protection, accessibility is a consumer right specifically for persons with disabilities given Law No. 8 of 2016 and also the obligation of business actors provided by Law No. 22 of 2009, there is no realization of accessibility rights in transportation, business people have ignored consumer rights of disability as well as obligations that must be fulfilled by business actors, maqashid Syariah's perspective sees the implications of not achieving transportation accessibility rights can result in their limited mobility to find work which leads to acts requesting that this need collide with hifdz al-mal and al-'urd. Third, the solution for fulfilling the right of accessibility of persons with disabilities in the transportation sector is (1) Establishment of a National Disability Commission that can advocate for the neglect of the rights of persons with disabilities in macro, (2) legal literacy as a legal literacy media on the rights of persons with disabilities.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pertama,<strong> </strong>faktor utama penyebab tidak bisa bekerjanya hukum pemenuhan hak asesibilitas transportasi bagi penyandang disabilitas di Jawa Timur, kedua, tinjauan hukum perindungan konsumen dan maqashid syariah terhadap tidak terpenuhinya hak aksesibilitas transportasi bagi penyandang disabilitas, ketiga, solusi hukum terhadap pemenuhan hak aksesibilitas transportasi penyandang disabilitas di Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis yaitu terkait dengan efektivitas hukum pemenuhan hak aksesibilitas penyandang disabilitas dibidang transportasi, yang bertumpuh kepada data primer yang didapat melalui wawancara bebas terpimpin dari sumber data primer pula yaitu: (1) Dinas Perhubungan Provinsi Jawa Timur, (2) Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Organisasi Angkutan Jalan Raya (Organda) Jawa Timur, yang kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif analisis dengan pola deduktif. Adapun hasil penelitian ini, pertama, norma hukum yang digunakan untuk membebani kewajiban pemenuhan hak aksesibilitas penyandang disabilitas kepada pelaku usaha adalah norma mandatur bukan prohibitor, pelaku usaha tidak memiliki kesadaran hukum karena mereka tidak mengetahui tentang kewajiban ini dan apparat juga tidak memiliki keterikatan dengan norma hukum ini karena ketidaktahuan terhadap kewajiban ini, kedua, dalam perspektif hukum perlindungan konsumen, aksesibilitas merupakan hak konsumen khusus bagi penyandang disabilitas yang diberikan Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2016 dan juga merupakan kewajiban pelaku usaha yang diberikan oleh Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009, tidak terealisasinya hak aksesibilitas dalam transportasi, pelaku usaha telah mengabaikan hak konsumen disabilitas sekaigus juga kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi oleh pelaku usaha, perspektif maqashid Syariah melihat implikasi tidak terwujudnya hak aksesibilitas transportasi dapat mengakibatkan sempitnya mobilitas mereka untuk mencari pekerjaan sehingga berujung pada perbuatan meminta minta yang terntunya ini berbenturan dengan hifdz al-mal dan al-‘urd. Ketiga, solusi agar hak aksesbilitas penyandang disabilitas di bidang transportasi terpenuhi adalah (1) Pembentukan Komisi Disabilitas Nasional yang bisa mengadvokasi pengabaian hak-hak penyandang disbailitas secara makro, (2) legal literacy sebagai media melek hukum tentang hak-hak penyandang disabilitas.</em>

Access to Justice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Susskind
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Law

Two related phrases are commonly used in discussions about the courts and judges. The first is ‘access to justice’ and the second is ‘justice according to the law’. Like motherhood and apfelstrudel, these seem to be ideals whose merits are beyond debate. However, some deeper digging suggests that the scope and meaning of these concepts are far from self-explanatory. They are innocuous enough as terms of art, and often deployed to lend some force or lustre to arguments about social and legal reform. But if we are to be clear about online courts and the future of justice, we need to be clearer about these fundamental notions. Accordingly, in this chapter, I explore and extend the concept of access to justice, arguing that much of the literature and debate on this topic is too narrowly conceived. I defer until the next chapter the notion of justice according to the law, where I argue that this is also a more complex notion than is generally allowed.

2. Actus reus

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-84
Author(s):  
John Child ◽  
David Ormerod
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
The Law ◽  
Type Question

This chapter provides an overview of actus reus, which refers to the ‘external elements’ of an offence. These external elements do not simply relate to D’s conduct. Rather, as we will see, the actus reus of an offence includes any offence elements outside of the fault element (‘mens rea’) of the offence. Before discussing the elements that form the actus reus, this chapter considers the distinction between actus reus and mens rea. It then describes the three elements of actus reus: conduct, circumstances, and results. It also explains the categories of actus reus offences, omissions liability, and causation before concluding with sections that outline potential options for legal reform and a structure for analysing the actus reus of an offence when applying the law in a problem-type question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter, with a brief summary of the main facts and judgment.

4. Interaction of actus reus and mens rea

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
John Child ◽  
David Ormerod
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Principle ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
The Law

This chapter focuses on the interaction between actus reus and mens rea in proving criminal liability. It first considers how actus reus and mens rea relate to one another within the structure of an offence before discussing the issues that also emerge when applying offence requirements to a set of facts. As an example, it explains how every element (conduct, circumstance, and result) of an offence includes an actus reus requirement and a corresponding mens rea requirement. It also examines the correspondence principle and the doctrine of transferred malice, along with the coincidence principle. Finally, it outlines potential options for legal reform and a structure for analysing the actus reus and mens rea of an offence when applying the law in problem-type questions. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter, with brief summaries of the main facts and judgments.

2. Actus reus

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-81
Author(s):  
John Child ◽  
David Ormerod
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Type Question

This chapter provides an overview of actus reus, which refers to the ‘external elements’ of an offence. An actus reus is not simply about the movements of the accused, that is, her conduct. Rather, it includes any offence requirement that is external from the mind of the accused: anything that is not mens rea. Before discussing the elements that form the actus reus, this chapter considers the distinction between actus reus and mens rea. It then describes the three elements of actus reus: conduct, circumstances, and results. It also explains the categories of actus reus offences, omissions liability, and causation before concluding with sections that outline potential options for legal reform and a structure for analysing the actus reus of an offence when applying the law in a problem-type question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout the chapter, with a brief summary of the main facts and judgment.

scholarly journals Effective Participation of Mentally Vulnerable Defendants in the Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales—The ‘Front Line’ from a Legal Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 002201832095711
Author(s):  
Helen Howard
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Front Line ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Commission

Mentally vulnerable defendants who struggle to effectively participate in their trial in the magistrates’ courts are not receiving the same protection as those who stand trial in the Crown Court. The Law Commission for England and Wales recognised this lacuna and suggested that the law relating to effective participation should be equally applicable in the magistrates’ courts. On closer examination of the law, the legal aid system and perspectives of legal professionals on the ‘front line’, it is clear that improvements in policy are of greater importance than legal reform and are more likely to meet the needs of these vulnerable individuals. The aim of this paper will be to demonstrate that reform of the law will be insufficient to adequately protect mentally vulnerable defendants in the magistrates’ courts and that changes in policy are needed in place of, or alongside, legal reforms.

Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law. By Hazel Biggs. [Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2001. xvi, 174 and (Index) 5 pp. Hardback £25.00 net. ISBN 1–84113–091–5.]

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-492
Author(s):  
WendyE. Hiscox
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Voluntary Euthanasia ◽  
Death With Dignity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Law

The voluntary euthanasia debate in the United Kingdom has a lengthy history, and the public continues to grapple with the possible legalisation of the practice. Hazel Biggs enters into this debate with Euthanasia, Death with Dignity and the Law, a timely contribution that has as its focus the question of whether legal reform to accommodate active voluntary euthanasia is an appropriate response to a perceived need for the option of “death with dignity”. The book’s seven discrete chapters explore aspects of the overall theme of achieving dignity in dying through the mechanism of euthanasia, from the perspectives of clinicians, patients and others who are indirectly affected. Emphasis on “autonomy”, “self-determination” and “human dignity” permeates the text and underpins the author’s stated position in favour of legal reform.

A Revolution in The Law of Succession of Malawi

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reform ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Succession

The enactment in Malawi of the Wills and Inheritance (Kamuzu's Mbumba Protection) Ordinance, 1964, represents the most significant attempt at legal reform there in recent years. Its importance lies in the fact that it seeks to impose uniformity in an area of the law which had previously been dominated by diverse systems of customary rules. This piece of legislation is in no sense a codification or a restatement of the customary law; it strikes at the very roots of the existing customary systems. Although it is not the first attempt at reform in this area, it is novel in its ambitious aims and unequivocal implications of policy. Because of this, the degree of success which it enjoys will be closely followed by all those interested in the legal development of modern African states.

scholarly journals Legal Reform: China's Law-Stability Paradox

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Regime Legitimacy ◽  
Citizen Complaints ◽  
The Law ◽  
Party State

In the 1980s and 1990s, China devoted extensive resources to constructing a legal system, in part in the belief that legal institutions would enhance both stability and regime legitimacy. Why, then, did China's leadership retreat from using law when faced with perceived increases in protests, citizen complaints, and social discontent in the 2000s? This law-stability paradox suggests that party-state leaders do not trust legal institutions to play primary roles in addressing many of the most complex issues resulting from China's rapid social transformation. This signifies a retreat not only from legal reform, but also from the rule-based model of authoritarian governance that has contributed much to the resilience of the Chinese system. The law-stability paradox also highlights the difficulties facing efforts by China's new leadership to reinvigorate legal reform.

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