This chapter deals with Iraq’s military industry and production system. It describes its historical background, its organization and structure, its development, especially during the war against Iran and after, and its important contribution in building the military power of Iraq during Saddam’s regime. Its role in advancing the country’s economic development, establishing Iraq’s status as a regional power, gaining national prestige and strengthening Iraq’s deterrent towards its neighbours and enemies, especially Iran and Israel. It describes its various projects of conventional weapon systems, the foreign assistance they got and their achievements, especially in developing and producing long range surface to surface missiles. It also describes its role in rehabilitating the country after the 1991 war and its civilian and economic projects.