<p>The Thermal Ion Imagers on Swarm A-C, and the Suprathermal Electron/Ion Imager on ePOP (now &#8220;Swarm-E&#8221;) provide a unique view of charged particle distribution functions in the ionosphere at high time resolution (up to 100 images/s). Through high resolution, CCD-based imaging (~3000 pixels/image), ion drift velocity is derived from these images at a resolution of 20 m/s or better, and in general agreement with velocities derived from ground based radars [1] and an empirical convection model [2]. This talk reviews recent scientific applications of this technique, which are wide-ranging and include mechanisms of ion heating and upflow [3,4], M-I coupling via Alfven waves [5,6],&#160;electron acceleration and heating by Alfven waves [7,8, 9], intense plasma flows associated with &#8220;Steve&#8221; [10,11], and electrodynamics of large-scale FAC systems[ 12], among others. In addition, future opportunities made possible by these data will be discussed.</p><p>[1] Koustov et al. (2019), JGR,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026245</p><p>[2] Lomidze et al. (2019), ESS,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000546</p><p>[3] Shen and Knudsen (2020a), On O+ ion heating by BBELF waves at low altitude, JGR, in revision.</p><p>[4] van Irsel et al. (2020), Highly correlated ion upflow and electron temperature variations in the high latitude topside ionosphere, submitted to JGR.</p><p>[5] Pakhotin et al. (2020), JGR,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027277</p><p>[6] Wu et al. (2020a), Swarm survey of Alfvenic fluctuations and their relation to nightside field-aligned current and auroral arcs systems, JGR, in revision.</p><p>[7] Liang et al. (2019), JGR,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026679</p><p>[8] Wu et al. (2020b), e-POP observations of suprathermal electron bursts in the ionospheric Alfven resonator, GRL, submitted. &#160;</p><p>[9] Shen and Knudsen (2020b), Suprathermal electron acceleration perpendicular to the magnetic field in the topside ionosphere, JGR, in press.</p><p>[10] Archer et al. (2019), JGR,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082687</p><p>[11] Nishimura et al. (2019), JGR,&#160;https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082460</p><p>[12] Olifer et al (2020), Swarm observations of dawn/dusk asymmetries between Pedersen conductance in upward and downward FAC regions, submitted to JGR.</p><p>&#160;</p>
Perpendicular Ion Heating by Cyclotron Resonant Dissipation of Turbulently Generated Kinetic Alfvén Waves in the Solar Wind
