Contested Country

Author(s):  
Cathy Robinson ◽  
Bruce Taylor

In Contested Country, leading researchers in planning, geography, environmental studies and public policy critically review Australia's environmental management under the auspices of the Natural Heritage Trust over the past decade, and identify the challenges that must be met in the national quest for sustainability. It is the first comprehensive, critical examination of the local and regional natural resources management undertaken in Australia, using research sourced from all states as well as the Northern Territory. It addresses questions such as: How is accountability to be maintained? Who is included and who is excluded in decentralised environmental governance? Does the scale of bottom-up management efforts match the scale of environmental problems? How is scientific and technical fidelity in environmental management to be maintained when significant activities are devolved to and controlled by local communities? The book challenges some of the accepted benefits, assumptions and ideologies underpinning regional scaled environmental management, and is a must-read for anyone interested in this field.

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTINE ANTONA ◽  
ESTELLE MOTTE BIÉNABE ◽  
JEAN-MICHEL SALLES ◽  
GÉRALDINE PÉCHARD ◽  
SIGRID AUBERT ◽  
...  

Decentralization and people's participation have been key features of government environmental policy since the 1990s. In Madagascar, the policy of Secured Local Management of Natural Resources, known as the GELOSE act, has created a framework for the transfer of rights from central government to local communities. This article analyses the practical implementation of this policy by focusing on the nature of the rights transferred and on the nature of the contracts and incentives developed. The Aghion and Tirole model for allocation of formal and real authority in an organization is used to shed light on the contractual definition process and on the trade-offs between giving responsibilities to local communities and losing control over natural resources management. It is shown that a congruence of interests between the parties is crucial for effective delegation of authority to local communities and that this congruence may emerge in relation to the transfer of exclusion rights.


1994 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
Susan Blackman ◽  
Janet Keeping ◽  
Monique Ross ◽  
J. Owen Saunders

Issues related to the management of natural resources have played an important role in federal provincial relations over the past quarter century. Due to Alberta's position as a major producer of natural resources in Canada, the province's role in the evolution of federalism over that period has been particularly influential. In this paper, the history of federal-Alberta relations concerning energy over the past twenty-five years is reviewed, noting in particular where conflicts between the two jurisdictions have been evident, and stressing general themes where they can be distinguished. The Alberta approach to federalism reflects a different historical context than that of the Eastern provinces as a result of its economic dependence on natural resources and its relatively recent position of affluence. The ability of the province to make full use of its resources to diversify beyond a reliance on raw energy and agricultural markets is a driving force behind the insistence on control of resource exploitation and revenues. Thus, federal measures that threaten to impinge on the province's abilities to set its own priorities have typically been regarded with some hostility. However, Alberta's approach is not only ideological but also pragmatic, and objections that might be expected on an ideological basis have been notably absent when federal actions coincide with Alberta's own immediate interests.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gloriose Umuziranenge

In this thesis I assessed whether and how the local communities participate in the daily activities regarding the park’s management through implementation of tourism revenue sharing and how it impacted local communities’ participation in conservation of Nyungwe National Park as well as the promotion of their well-being. The main research question of my thesis was the following: How do people perceive local community participation in natural resources management? The main research question of my thesis was: How do people perceive local community participation in natural resources management? It was split into five sub-questions: (1) How do local communities participate, and perceive their role in the conservation of the park?, (2) What are the benefits and opportunities do they get as neighbors of the Park through TRS?, (3) How do they participate in decision-making process?, (4) What are challenges do they face being neighbors of the park?, (5) What do local communities wish to minimize the challenges they face? My thesis was organized as a paper-based thesis. It includes in total five papers which were published in different scientific journals. In the research process, I used different methodologies according to the aim of each paper. The findings show that the Park’s management has improved the relationship between the local community and the Park by accommodating local needs such as infrastructures (schools, health centers, communal water tanks), income generating activities, increased awareness in terms of park’s protection through a tourism revenue sharing scheme that was introduced since 2005. According to the perceptions of the respondents, this study shows that the governance of the park is still dominated by a top-down approach through a distant representative democracy where the participation of the local community remains passive. This research indicates human-wildlife conflicts as one of the challenges faced by the local community. People perceive that more efforts should be dedicated on participation as an integrative and learning process where the local community should be empowered. Die kumulative Studie befasst sich mit der Frage nach der Beteiligung lokaler Gemeinden am Management der natürlichen Ressourcen durch den Nyungwe Nationalpark. Es wird bewertet, ob und wie die lokalen Gemeinden an den Aktivitäten des Managements der durch die Implementierung der touristischen Einnahmeaufteilung teilnehmen und danach gefragt wie dieses Vereinbarung die Beteiligung der lokalen Gemeinden an der Erhaltung des Nyungwe Nationalparks sowie ihr Wohlbefindens beeinflusst. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage, wie die Menschen die Beteiligung der lokalen Gemeinschaft am Management natürlicher Ressourcen wahrnehmen, ist in fünf Unterfragen aufgeteilt: (1) Wie partizipieren die lokalen Gemeinden und wie nehmen sie ihre Rolle bei der Erhaltung des Parks wahr?, (2) Welche Vorteile und Möglichkeiten erhalten sie als Nachbarn des Parks durch TRS?, (3) Wie nehmen sie am Entscheidungsprozess teil?, (4) Was sind die Herausforderungen, denen sie als Nachbarn des Parks gegenüberstehen?, (5) Was wünschen sich die lokalen Gemeinden, um die Herausforderungen, denen sie gegenüberstehen, zu minimieren? Meine Studie umfasst insgesamt fünf Arbeiten, die in verschiedenen Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht wurden. Je nach Fragestellung wurden im Forschungsprozess verschiedene Methoden verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Management des Parks die Beziehung zwischen der lokalen Gemeinde und dem Park verbessert hat, indem es lokale Bedürfnisse wie Infrastruktur (Schulen, Gesundheitszentren, kommunale Wassertanks), einkommensschaffende Aktivitäten und ein erhöhtes Bewusstsein für den Schutz des Parks durch ein Programm zur Beteiligung an den Tourismuseinnahmen, das seit 2005 eingeführt wurde, berücksichtigt hat. Die in der Studie untersuchten Wahrnehmungen der befragten zeigt auch, dass die Verwaltung des Parks immer noch von einem Top-Down-Ansatz durch eine distanziert-repräsentative Demokratie dominiert wird, bei der die Beteiligung der lokalen Gemeinschaft passiv bleibt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Konflikte zwischen Mensch und Wildtieren eine der Herausforderungen sind, mit denen die lokale Gemeinschaft konfrontiert ist. Seitens der Befragten wird vorgeschlagen, mehr Initiativen für die Partizipation als integrativen und lernenden Prozess unternommen werden sollten, um dadurch die lokale Gemeinschaft zu stärken.


2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. SHACKLETON ◽  
T.J. WILLIS ◽  
K. BROWN ◽  
N.V.C. POLUNIN

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been a pervasive paradigm in conservation circles for three decades. Despite many potentially attractive attributes it has been extensively critiqued from both ecological and sociological perspectives with respect to theory and practice (for example Leach et al. 1999; Berkes 2004; Fabricius et al. 2004; Blaikie 2006). Nonetheless, many successful examples exist, although an equal number have seemingly not met expectations. Is this because of poor implementation or rather a generally flawed model? If the criteria and conditions for success are so onerous that relatively few projects or situations are likely to qualify, what then is the value of the model? The questions thus become: how and what can we learn from the past theory and practice to develop a new generation of flexible, locally responsive and implementable CBNRM models, and what are likely to be the attributes of such models?


ICR Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-425
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adha Shaleh

Since the concept of sustainable development gained traction in the early 70s, there has been demand for new approaches, perspectives, and practices to the conservation of natural resources. The proposition that much of our modern environmental policies need citizen participation is widely accepted. In line with this standpoint, several concepts have emerged. They are shaped by Faith- Based Environmental Conservation, theoretical developments on environmental governance of the commons (e.g. Community Based Natural Resources Management), and social capital. The first and the second concepts indicate the integration of religious principles and social ecological wisdom into natural resources management. The third concept captures the idea that social bonds, norms, cultures, knowledge, attitudes, and information channels are central for a sustainable environment. In a highly organised group, where social capital is strong, the pace towards environmental sustainability has been expedited by successes in community-based programmes.  


2003 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
A. Bykov

According to the legal norms of the Russian Federation in the ownership, usage and disposal of natural resources the author analyses interaction between natural resources users and local authorities. The interaction is based upon ecological and economic factors, which cause the peculiarities of requirements put before natural resource users in the Far North. The strategic directions of resource saving economic development of these regions are considered.


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