Regional Policy in the Field of Natural Resources Management in the Far North

2003 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
A. Bykov

According to the legal norms of the Russian Federation in the ownership, usage and disposal of natural resources the author analyses interaction between natural resources users and local authorities. The interaction is based upon ecological and economic factors, which cause the peculiarities of requirements put before natural resource users in the Far North. The strategic directions of resource saving economic development of these regions are considered.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 308-354
Author(s):  
Regis Y Simo

The extraction and processing of raw materials into commodities are not only attractive for their economic value but also for political reasons. This makes natural resources a source of extreme greed. In this context, regions rich in raw materials, such as Africa, become the scene of local and foreign speculation and, instead of contributing to the development of endowed countries, natural resources often become factors of fragility – hence the ‘natural resources curse’ phrase. While countries exercise sovereignty over their resources by virtue of international law, it has also become essential to develop more sustainable activities in order to continue to exploit these resources. Cognisant of these global environmental challenges, a great number of countries in the world are committed to safeguarding the planet, as can be seen from the adoption of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. At the international level, the multiplicity and complexity of legal norms applicable to the exploitation of natural resources can constitute an obstacle to their application. Indeed, while the scarcity of resources and the surge of environmental problems associated with their exploitation have led to greater reliance on international law because the stakes are global and permeate political boundaries, the corpus of international law rules is sometimes only indirectly relevant to natural resources, since they were not enacted to protect natural resources per se. This is the case of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which, while not adopted for that purpose, have a bearing on trade in natural resources. While all WTO members are required to open their markets to competition from abroad, WTO-covered agreements give them a certain leeway to regulate this flow in order to pursue societal goals. In other words, under certain circumstances, a WTO member is allowed to justify otherwise WTO-inconsistent measures in the name of legitimate domestic values. This paper focuses on trade rules that control the asymmetrical global distribution and exhaustibility of natural resources, especially export restrictions and their justifications in WTO law. The objective of this paper is to analyse the international and unilateral trade measures addressing non-trade concerns and their relevance for natural resources management in Africa. L’extraction et la transformation des matières premières en produits finis de base sont non seulement attractives pour leur valeur économique mais aussi pour des raison politiques. Ce qui fait des ressources naturelles une source de cupidité extrême. A cet effet, au lieu de contribuer au développement des pays qui y sont dotés, les régions riches en matières premières deviennent le théâtre des spéculations nationales et étrangères au point où les ressources naturelles deviennent des facteurs de déstabilisation d’où l’appellation de « malédiction des ressources naturelles ». Bien que les pays exercent la souveraineté sur leurs ressources en vertu du droit international, il devient essentiel de développer des activités plus durables afin de continuer l’exploitation de ces ressources. Conscient de ces problèmes environnementaux dans le monde, un grand nombre de pays dans le monde s’engagent à sauvegarder la planète, comme peut-on constater avec l’adoption de la Convention africaine pour la Conservation de la Nature et des Ressources naturelles. Sur le plan international, la multiplicité et la complexité des normes juridiques applicables à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles peuvent constituer un obstacle pour son application. En effet, si la rareté des ressources et la montée des problèmes environnementaux liées à leur exploitation ont conduit à une dépendance accrue au droit international parce que les enjeux sont mondiaux et dépassent les barrières politiques, les règles du droit international s’appliquent indirectement aux ressources naturelles puisqu’elles n’ont pas été promulguées pour protéger les ressources naturelles en tant que tel. Ceci est le cas des règles de l‘Organisation mondiale du Commerce (OMS), qui, bien que non adoptées ont une incidence sur le commerce des ressources naturelles. Bien que les membres de l’OMS ont obligations d’ouvrir leurs marchés à la concurrence étrangère, les accords couverts par l’OMS leur donnent un certain levier pour réguler ce flux afin de poursuivre des objectifs sociétaux. Autrement dit, dans certaines circonstances, un membre de l’OMS est autorisé de justifier les mesures incompatibles avec les règles de l’OMS pour des raisons de valeurs nationales légitimes. Cet article se focalise sur les règles commerciales qui contrôlent la distribution mondiale asymétrique et l’épuisement des ressources naturelles particulièrement les restrictions à l’exportation et leurs justifications d’après la loi de l’OMS. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les mesures internationales et unilatérales qui adressent les préoccupations non commerciales et leur importance sur la gestion des ressources naturelles en Afrique.


Author(s):  
V.P. Karakin

Социально-экономическое развитие российского Дальнего Востока зафиксировано как национальный приоритет РФ на XXI в. Для эффективной реализации заявленных стратегических целей развития необходимо их адаптировать к территориальной масштабности региона, географической и экономической неоднородности пространства, что требует проведения различного вида районирований региона в целом и его субрегионов. При разнообразных подходах к разделению востока Азиатской России на субрегионы практически всеми исследователями в качестве самостоятельного выделяется побережье Тихоокеанской России (береговая зона и территории прилегающих административных районов). Географические особенности данной части российского Дальнего Востока требуют его рассмотрения как отдельного субрегиона с определением сценариев развития. В качестве начального шага в этом процессе разработано мелкомасштабное природно-хозяйственное районирование побережья Тихоокеанской России по природным условиям хозяйственного освоения. Районирование проведено на основе анализа информации о пространственной дифференциации природно-ресурсных факторов, значимых для природопользования и жизнедеятельности в пределах субрегиона: агроклиматических ресурсов, комфортности климата для проживания, ледовых условий и др. Как и при проведении большинства природных районирований, которые в качестве основного фактора дифференциации природных условий рассматривают изменение теплообеспеченности и зональных типов растительности, использована схема разделения пространства побережья Тихоокеанской России на три пояса: арктический, субарктический и умеренный. Окончательно границы поясов и подзон скорректированы с учетом реакции на природные условия территории хозяйственных субъектов. Также выделены два сектора: материковый и островной, важнейшее различие которых значимость проявления опасных природных явлений. Обосновано, что лучшими условиями хозяйственного освоения, умеренно благоприятными и относительно комфортными для жизнедеятельности и природопользования (товарное сельское хозяйство и др.), в пределах побережья Тихоокеанской России обладает умеренный южнотаежный и лесостепной пояс. Результаты районирования следует учитывать при определении перспектив хозяйственного освоения береговой зоны.The socio-economic development of the Russian Far East (RFE) is set as one of the national priorities of the Russian Federation for the 21st century. The effective implementation of the stated strategic development goals demands adapting to the territorial scale of the region, its geographical and economic heterogeneity by means of various zoning of the region as a whole and its subregions. As an initial step in this process, a small-scale natural-economic zoning of the Coastal Zone of Pacific Russia (CZ PR) was done. This zoning was based on an analysis of information about the spatial differentiation of natural resource factors that are significant for natural resources management and livelihoods within the subregion, namely agro-climatic resources, climate comfort for living, ice conditions, etc. Following the prevailing geographical tradition and most natural zoning approaches, which consider variations in heat supply and zonal types of vegetation as the main factor of differentiation of natural conditions, the author divided the space of the CZ PR into three belts - Arctic, Subarctic and Moderate. Several subzones within each belt are also distinguished according to the changes in heat supply and changes in the type of botanical and geographical subzones. Finally, the borders of the zones and subzones are defined by reaction to the natural conditions of the subjects of regionalization. Two sectors are also distinguished, the Mainland and Island ones. The most important difference between them is in manifestation of dangerous natural phenomena for life and natural resources management. It is substantiated that the moderate South-taiga and forest-steppe belt within the CZ PR has the best conditions for economic development (moderately favourable and relatively uncomfortable conditions for life and natural resources management, commodity agriculture, etc.). There are no rigid restrictions for port activity due to ice conditions in winter in this belt. The zoning results provide information for selecting the most acceptable strategic development models from the resource and economic point of view for apportioned territories of the CZ PR (belts, subzones) e.g. frontal, focal and pointed ones.


Humanus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Nora Eka Putri

Decentralization has become an important factor in managing smaller administrative region. The regional autonomy ruled by the central government through the legislation UU No. 32 in 2004 about Regional Government is expected to improve the outcome of policies of Indonesia’s local administration. One of the authorities delegated to the local administration is the responsibility to manage the natural resources, which is important in increasing the regional income for the development of the communities. However, the implementation of natural resource management still cause several problems such as environmental degradation, poverty, and income inequality. In order to solve the problems, politics play an important role in the regional policy making including the planning, budgeting, implementing and monitoring the policy as well as maximizing the role of communities’ participation. This cooperation between the local administration is expected to result in the effective, efficient, fair, and sustainable use of natural resources. Key words: natural resources management, politics of management, local administration


Marine Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 104465
Author(s):  
Laís S. Araujo ◽  
Ulises Rodrigo Magdalena ◽  
Tayana S. Louzada ◽  
Paulo S. Salomon ◽  
Fernando C. Moraes ◽  
...  

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