A Comparison of the Antimicrobial Skin Peptides of the New Guinea Tree Frog (Litoria genimaculata) and the Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis)

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Brinkworth ◽  
J. H. Bowie ◽  
M. J. Tyler ◽  
J. C. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
Hinge Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Skin Secretion ◽  
Basic Peptide ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Antibiotic Peptide ◽  
Antibiotic Peptides

The Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis) is closely related to the Tree Frog Litoria genimaculata. Both species are found in northern Australia and New Guinea. We have reported that the major antibiotic peptide of L. genimaculata is maculatin 1.1 which has the sequence GLFGVLAKVAAHVVPAIEHF-NH2, and that this basic peptide is different from the hinged caerin 1 peptides (e.g. caerin 1.1, from Litoria splendida and other green tree frogs, which has the sequence GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEHL-NH2), in that it lacks four residues of the central hinge region of a caerin 1. Litoria eucnemis has three major host defence peptides, two of these are maculatins (e.g. maculatin 1.3; GLLGLLGSVVSHVVPAIVGHF-NH2) which are related in sequence to that of maculatin 1. The other antibiotic peptide is caerin 1.11 (GLLGAMFKVASKVLPHVVPAITEHF-NH2) a peptide related to the caerin 1 peptides of the green tree frogs of Australia. L. eucnemis is the only species of the Litoria genus (that we have studied) which contains both maculatin and caerin peptides in its skin secretion. The three antibiotic peptides of Litoria eucnemis are significantly less active than maculatin 1.1 and other caerins 1 isolated from anurans of the genus Litoria so far studied.

Two Tonal Languages of New Guinea

1949 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Capell
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Semantic Value

WHILST the tonal languages spoken in West Africa have latterly received W a good deal of attention, it has not been generally realized that such languages are found also in parts of New Guinea. In New Guinea there are in fact two types of tonal languages. In one, the tones may be described as ” ornamental”, i.e. though they exist they do not seem to have semantic value, but rather to be connected with a certain type of sentence rhythm; in the other the tone systems are more definitely akin to those of Western Africa, and in such languages tones do possess semantic value. It is interesting that one at least of the latter group of languages tends also to be monosyllabic. It is hoped to provide a study of the former class of languages—at least one representative of which is also found in Northern Australia—at a later date. The present paper is occupied with the languages in which tones do have semantic value.These languages, so far as has been observed yet, are two in number, and they are spoken along the shores of Huon Gulf, in north-eastern New Guinea. The map on p. 186 will show their locations. Both belong to the group of languages known as Melanesian, and this makes the occurrence of tones even less expected. A considerable number of other languages are spoken round about this area, and though some of these also are Melanesian, they do not seem to have developed tones. Moreover, it would seem that the use of tones in these two languages antedates the coming of the Melanesian languages, for reasons that will be given towards the end of this paper.

Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1769 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS BOURGUIGNON ◽  
MAURICE LEPONCE ◽  
YVES ROISIN
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Diagnostic Characters

Up to now, three described species of Termitinae with snapping soldier mandibles (the Termes–Capritermes group) were known from New Guinea: Termes odontomachus (Desneux), Macrognathotermes errator Miller and Pericapritermes schultzei (Holmgren). Here, we report the presence of seven additional species, among which three are new to science: Pericapritermes parvus, P. pilosus and P. papuanus. The other four, collected in southern Papuan savannas, were previously known from northern Australia: Ephelotermes paleatus Miller, E. cheeli (Mjöberg), Lophotermes aduncus Miller, and L. brevicephalus Miller. We reassign T. odontomachus to Protocapritermes Holmgren. Diagnostic characters andillustrations are provided for all species. The Oriental affinities of the forest fauna of New Guinea and the similarities between Australian and New Guinean savannas are emphasized.

New caerin antibiotic peptides from the skin secretion of the Dainty Green Tree Frog Litoria gracilenta. Identification using positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry

Toxicon ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheal J. Maclean ◽  
Craig S. Brinkworth ◽  
Daniel Bilusich ◽  
John H. Bowie ◽  
Jason R. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Skin Secretion ◽  
Antibiotic Peptides

scholarly journals Multiple trans-Torres Strait colonisations by tree frogs in the Litoria caerulea group, with the description of a new species from New Guinea

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Paul M. Oliver ◽  
Eric N. Rittmeyer ◽  
Janne Torkkola ◽  
Stephen C. Donnellan ◽  
Chris Dahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
Lowland Rainforest ◽  
Vast Range

Australia and New Guinea (together referred to as Sahul) were linked by land for much of the late Tertiary and share many biotic elements. However, New Guinea is dominated by rainforest, and northern Australia by savannah. Resolving patterns of biotic interchange between these two regions is critical to understanding the expansion and contraction of both habitat types. The green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) has a vast range across northern and eastern Australia and New Guinea. An assessment of mitochondrial and morphological diversity in this nominal taxon in New Guinea reveals two taxa. True Litoria caerulea occurs in disjunct savannahs of the Trans-Fly, Central Province and across northern Australia, with very low genetic divergence, implying late Pleistocene connectivity. A previously unrecognised taxon is endemic to New Guinea and widespread in lowland swampy rainforest. Date estimates for the divergence of the new species suggest Pliocene connectivity across lowland tropical habitats of northern Australia and New Guinea. In contrast, the new species shows shallow phylogeographic structuring across the central mountains of New Guinea, implying recent dispersal between the northern and southern lowlands. These results emphasise that the extent and connectivity of lowland rainforest and savannah environments across northern Australia and southern New Guinea have undergone profound shifts since the late Pliocene. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A577A415-0B71-4663-B4C1-7271B97298CD

A review of the genus Cryptolaemus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with particular reference to the species resembling C. montrouzieri Mulsant

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Booth ◽  
R. D. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Predator ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant is a well-known and historically important predator of mealybugs. It is indigenous to eastern Australia, and has been introduced throughout the world for biological control. In contrast, the other members of the genus, including those which resemble C. montrouzieri, remain poorly known. The genus Cryptolaemus, with seven previously described species, is redefined and two species-groups are recognized. The first, the montrouzieri group, comprising C. montrouzieri, C. affinis Crotch (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and northern Queensland, Australia). C. wallacei Crotch (Indonesia) and C. simplex Blackburn (northern Australia), is revised; C. crotchi sp. n. (Indonesia) and C. sinestria sp. n. (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands) are described as new, and C. simplex is reduced to a subspecies of C. montrouzieri. A key to these species is provided. The second group comprises two of the remaining species. C. subviolaceus Crotch and C. concinnus Weise, but lack of sufficient material precludes a revision of this group at present. The final species, C. engelhardi Gorham. is transferred to the chilocorine genus Brumoides Chapin. Lectotypes are selected where appropriate.

KARIOTIPE KATAK POHON PAPUA Litoria infrafrenata

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda Irma Kawulur
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Chromosome Type ◽  
Centromere Position ◽  
The Difference

<p><em>The Papuan tree frog Litoria infrafrenata has 12 chromosome pairs with two chromosome type, metasentric and submetasentric. Karyotype of Litoria infrafrenata was analyzed by determining centromere position and chromosome type. The difference of some chromosome type of L. infrafrenata in Manokwari do not indicate a closed relationship with specimen from Papua New Guinea.</em></p>

Litoria gracilenta (Anura : Hylidae) and related species in New Guinea

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Menzies ◽  
M. J. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Tree Frogs

We examined a large collection (n = 132) of tree frogs, hitherto identified as Litoria gracilenta, from various localities in New Guinea and compared them with Litoria gracilenta from Queensland and with the recently described Litoria elkeae from far west New Guinea. We found that the frogs in question were neither L. gracilenta nor L. elkeae but comprised two distinct taxa described herein as new species.We call attention to the problems of performing statistical analysis on measurements of soft-bodied organisms and consider that the conclusions reached in this analysis are both conservative and realistic.

Unusual profile of leukocyte recruitment in mice induced by a skin secretion of the tree frog Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis

Toxicon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Conceição ◽  
Fernanda Miriane Bruni ◽  
Alessandra Pareja-Santos ◽  
Marta M. Antoniazzi ◽  
Carlos Jared ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Skin Secretion

scholarly journals Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Federle ◽  
W.J.P Barnes ◽  
W Baumgartner ◽  
P Drechsler ◽  
J.M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Friction ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Laser Tweezer ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
Filled Joint ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Close Contacts

Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea , that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.

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