The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the seasonal production of irriagted perennial grasses in coastal New South Wales

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (41) ◽  
pp. 610 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales

The seasonal productivity of eight perennial grasses at three nitrogen levels was measured in small pure-grass swards at Badgery's Creek, New South Wales. Highly significant differences in seasonal productivity were found between nitrogen levels in all four seasons, and between cultivars in summer, autumn, and winter. The response of the grasses to nitrogen was slightly greater at the high than at the medium level of nitrogen application in all seasons, and was highest in spring (about 40 lb of dry matter per lb of applied nitrogen) and lowest in mid-winter (about 8 lb/lb). Tall fescue was the most efficient responder to nitrogen in late summer and early autumn, Kangaroo Valley ryegrass in late autumn and late winter, and Currie cocksfoot in mid-winter. At a high level of nitrogen, the dry matter produced by Kangaroo Valley ryegrass and Currie cocksfoot in the late autumn to early spring period, the period of greatest feed shortage, was nearly as great as that produced over a similar period by sod-sown oats in earlier experiments at Badgery's Creek.

Performance of temperate legumes and associated grasses on granitic soils of low fertility in the New England region of New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A range of temperate annual and perennial legumes, naturalized or commonly sown in the area, was examined at three field sites in low fertility soils derived from granite on the south western slopes of the New England Region, New South Wales. They were compared over a four year period in terms of their persistence, dry matter and nitrogen production and their compatibility with associated temperate perennial grasses, The response of sown grass to nitrogen fertilizer application was also examined in the absence of legume. Ten legumes were examined at one site and six of these at the other two sites. In general, nitrogen yields were ranked similarly to total dry matter yields of all treatments, including grasses in the absence of legume. However, the legumes were ranked differently in terms of productivity of the legume component and productivity of associated grass. At all sites lucerne gave the highest yields of total dry matter and of legume and the lowest yield and persistence of associated grass-comparable to grass growing in the absence of legume or applied nitrogen. Subterranean clover was ranked second or third in total dry matter yield, depending on site, but provided the highest yield of associated grasscomparable to grass receiving high levels of applied nitrogen. Under this legume soil nitrogen levels tended to be highest. Rose clover, sown at one site only, yielded more legume dry matter than subterranean clover but grass yield was comparable to that with lucerne. The results suggest that subterranean clover is the superior legume for successful mixed sowings although inclusion of white clover could be justified. Lucerne appears to be best sown as a pure sward.

Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. Ii. Establishment and Seedling Survival in the Field

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pastures

Emergence and survival of the seedlings of warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br., Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S . T. Blake, Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br., Eragvostis leptostachya Steud. and Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes and Danthonia linkii Kunth were studied in both native pastures and sown monospecific plots on the north- west slopes of New South Wales. The most favourable period for the successful emergence and establishment of warm-season grasses was from mid summer to early autumn. Cool-season native perennial grasses established best from seedlings that appeared from mid autumn to late winter. Few seedlings were observed to germinate in spring, probably as a result of large variations in temperature, low minimum temperatures or intra and interspecific competition. Seedlings growing in native pasture spent long periods in the vegetative phase compared to the early flowering of seedlings in the sown plots. In the pasture studied only two seedlings flowered over 700 days after emergence, and many others after persisting for up to 2 years died without producing seed. These findings indicate that the seedlings in these native pastures were under considerable stress and that the adult populations of the species examined were relatively stable and little recruitment occurred.

Fertilizer strip tests for the identification of superphosphate responsive pastures

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
AN Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Capacitance Probe ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Interpretation Of Results

The ability of superphosphate strip tests to identify responsive pastures was evaluated at eight sites on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. Five rates of superphosphate (0, 100,200, 300 and 600 kg/ha) were applied in 100 x 7 m strips in early spring and the pasture dry matter responses measured every three months with a capacitance probe. Herbage responses, ranging from 12 to 232% occurred in the following three months on seven of the eight pastures. The spring and autumn periods gave the largest quarterly responses. The variation in growth within strips observed was small enough to establish differences in dry matter between strips. On deficient sites all fertilizer rates produced measurable responses, however the 300 kg/ha rate was sufficient to give clear-cut responses at all the deficient sites. As the pasture responses observed in the strip tests were consistent with predicted responses by plant and soil analyses, it was concluded that they offer a practical alternative for use by farmers. Suggestions are made on the layout of fertilizer strips, and the interpretation of results.

scholarly journals Post-weaning growth of cattle in northern New South Wales. 2. Growth pathways of steers

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Dicker ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
M. J. McPhee ◽  
D. L. Robinson ◽  
A. D. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
South Wales

This paper describes the post-weaning growth of Bos taurus and Bos taurus x Bos indicus-derived steers grazing temperate perennial pasture in northern New South Wales. These cattle were either autumn weaners from spring-calving herds in summer rainfall environments, or summer weaners from autumn-calving herds in winter rainfall environments. Autumn weaners were grown out on 3 pasture systems: (i) pasture only (P1), (ii) pasture supplemented in late winter–early spring with formulated pellets of high protein content (P2), or (iii) pasture supplemented with a nitrogen-fertilised forage crop (P3) to provide different growth pathways towards entry to the finishing phase. Over the 3-year study, seasonal liveweight gain on P1 varied between –0.21 and 1.05 kg/head.day; liveweight gain was generally low (about 0.5 kg/head.day) in winter and high (about 0.8 kg/head.day) in spring. Bos taurus autumn weaners achieved feedlot entry specifications for the domestic market (300 kg liveweight) in 6–8 weeks by the end of winter, and feedlot entry specifications for the export market (400 kg liveweight) in 17–27 weeks by the end of summer. For B. taurus x B. indicus-derived autumn weaners, the period to feedlot entry was 19 and 33 weeks for domestic and export feedlot entry specifications, respectively. Supplementary feeding generally increased post-weaning growth in late winter–early spring and reduced the period to feedlot entry for export steers. Summer weaners were grown out on pasture in P1, P2 or P3 pasture systems, met domestic feedlot entry specifications on arrival, but did not reach export feedlot entry specifications before the onset of winter imposed liveweight stasis. The most effective grow-out system was based on Bos taurus autumn weaners with supplementary feeding in winter–spring to overcome the limitations of the winter feed gap.

Seasonal trends and variability of soil moisture under temperate pasture on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCG Smith ◽  
GG Johns
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
South Wales

A water balance model predicting changes in soil moisture under temperate pasture at Armidale, New South Wales was developed and tested against soil moisture measurements made from 1967 to 1969. The model accounted for 96 per cent of the variance in observed soil moisture. The model was then used to predict the expected pattern of soil moisture for this area using daily Armidale rainfall data from 1878 to 1973 and pan evaporation data from 1951 to 1970. Expected soil moisture levels rise to a maximum in late winter and then progressively decline to a minimum in mid summer. Levels may increase again slightly during late summer but remain low through autumn before beginning to rise again during winter. On the basis of this analysis it is suggested that the safest time to establish new plant species into temperate pasture is probably early winter when expected soil moisture begins to rise rapidly. Because of the autumn deficiency in soil moisture it was concluded that fodder oats grown in this period would often be inhibited by a lack of soil moisture unless preceded by a fallow to conserve late summer rainfall. The need for soil moisture data in interpreting and extrapolating from field experiments is stressed.

Effects of herbicides on wallaby grass (Danthonia spp.). 2. Established plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
MG McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

Three experiments were conducted at Tamworth, New South Wales, in 1990-92 to assess the effects of a range of broadleaf and grass herbicides, 6 rates of glyphosate and paraquat + diquat, and 4 rates of 2,4-D amine and diuron on the phytotoxicity, dry matter yield, inflorescence number, and seed yield of established Danthonia (wallaby grass) plants. Phytotoxicity was scored visually on a 0-5 scale (0, no phytotoxicity; 5, 100%). Danthonia dry matter yields were not affected (P<0.05) by any herbicide tested, except glyphosate applied at 2360 g a.i./ha. Phytotoxicity was highest for the glyphosate treatment (1440 g a.i./ha) in that study. All rates of glyphosate, and paraquat + diquat rates >250 + 150 g a.i./ha reduced (P<0.05) inflorescence number compared with the unsprayed control. Paraquat + diquat had no significant effect on seed yield, but glyphosate rates >360 g a.i./ha reduced (P<0.05) seed yield compared with the control. In 1992, no damage was observed on 2,4-D amine treatments and phytotoxicity scores were low (<2) for all diuron treatments. Danthonia inflorescence numbers and seed yields were higher (P<0.05) on plots mown in early spring than on unmown treatments. The lack of effect of herbicides such as diclofopmethyl, simazine, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and diuron on Danthonia dry matter yield, and the low phytotoxicity, indicated that a range of chemicals may be used on established Danthonia swards to control perennial and annual grass weeds. Seed yield was more affected than dry matter yield by herbicide, and paraquat + diquat should be used in preference to glyphosate on seed crops.

Influence of season and of reproductive status on the wool growth of Merino ewes in arid environment

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (94) ◽  
pp. 648 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hawker ◽  
JP Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian Merino

At Fowlers Gap, an arid saltbush environment in far western New South Wales, the wool growth of South Australian Merino ewes was measured at intervals of about ten weeks for three years. Highest rates of wool growth on dry ewes were recorded each year in late winter (1 0.8, 14.9, 15.7 g day-1) and lowest in late summer (6.0, 7.7, 10.7 g day-1). Changes in the rate of wool growth were associated with changes in pastoral conditions in two of the three years. Relative to dry ewes, the rate of wool growth of wet ewes was reduced by 9 to 24 per cent in late pregnancy, 21 to 43 per cent in early lactation and 3 to 26 per cent in late lactation. The reduction was inversely related to current pasture growth.

Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 3. Composition and quality of the diet selected

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Hall ◽  
RD FitzGerald ◽  
EC Wolfe ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales

During 1976 and 1977 in southern New South Wales, diet samples were obtained at approximately 3-week intervals from oesophageally fistulated steers grazing a lucerne (Medicago sativa) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pasture (LC) and a subterranean clover (C) pasture. On LC, green lucerne was the predominant diet component for much of the 2 years. On C, the diet consisted mainly of dry material during a drought in autumn-winter 1976, green wireweed (Polygonurn aviculare) until late autumn 1977, green clover and grass in winter and spring 1977, and finally dry material again. During 1976 and early 1977, diets on LC had a higher digestibility (61.7% vs 49.4%) and nitrogen content (2.55% vs 2.04%) than those on C. This difference was due to the contribution of lucerne on LC, and also because the wireweed on C was of very low quality, even when green. During the latter part of 1977, LC and C had equivalent digestibility and nitrogen levels. The information on the diets helped explain changes in liveweight and the incidence of bloat of cattle grazing the plots.

Evaluation of oat forage for finishing prime lambs on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
FG Swain
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Stocking Rates

In 1967 at Armidale, New South Wales, oats (Avena sativa cv. Cooba) were grown with or without 180 kg N ha-I and rotationally grazed on a three paddock system from July 13 to November 16 with Border Leicester x Merino lambs. Stocking rates were 20,40 or 60 sheep ha-1 (experiment 1). In 1968 (experiment 2) oats were rotationally grazed on either a three or four paddock system at stocking rates of 20, 30 or 40 lambs ha-1. Grazing began on either June 6 or July 17 and terminated on November 20. The rotational grazing systems allowed for a grazing period of two weeks and regrowth periods of four or six weeks. Application of nitrogen increased the quantity of dry matter available prior to grazing in 1967 by 20 per cent but did not affect regrowth rates during winter and early spring. In 1968, approximately 33 per cent more forage was available prior to grazing in mid-July than in early June. There was little effect of grazing management on the rate of regrowth. In both years, regrowth rates were low during winter and carry over residue was required to provide a continuity of available forage. Liveweight gains of lambs during winter and early spring reached 170 to 200 g head-1 day-1 at stocking rates of 20 or 30 sheep ha-1 for the early and late commencement of grazing treatments respectively. Lower gains to 120 g head-1 day-1 were recorded for six to eight weeks at higher stocking rates but subsequent liveweight losses occurred; these being greater if grazing commenced early. Neither N nor grazing management system materially affected liveweight gains. Approximately 1.5 kg available dry matter head-1day-1 was required at the start of each fortnightly grazing period to ensure maximum liveweight gains

The effect of anthelmintic treatments on growth of beef cattle in New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 813 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Smeal ◽  
PJ Nicholls ◽  
RF Webb ◽  
IK Hotson ◽  
FR Doughty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
North Coast ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean

The effects of anthelmintic treatments on the growth of young beef cattle on the Tablelands and North Coast regions of New South Wales were assessed by comparing the liveweight gains of treated and untreated cattle grazing the same pasture. Anthelmintic treatments were given every 4 weeks to suppress gastrointestinal nematode infections and at strategic times. These times were at weaning (in autumn), during winter and in the late summer of the following year, and were chosen to coincide mainly with increasing worm burdens. After weaning, the mean cumulative liveweight responses of suppressively treated groups were often significantly greater during winter and early spring. Strategic treatments in winter but not in autumn also gave a significant liveweight response in some trials. Suppressively treated groups showed considerable variation in their growth rates during spring. This most likely reflected year-to-year variations in pasture growth, but the mean cumulative liveweight responses of several treated groups were significantly greater than those of untreated groups. These results suggest that helminth infections affected the growth of young beef cattle in both winter and spring. There was little liveweight response to suppressive treatments in the late summer and autumn of the second year, when the cattle were 16-20 months old. At the end of autumn, these cattle were usually 20-30 kg per head heavier than untreated cattle. Strategic treatments given in late summer to cattle grazing with untreated cattle did not produce any substantial liveweight response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document