Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus Cleome (Cleomaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Voznesenskaya ◽  
Nuria K. Koteyeva ◽  
Simon D. X. Chuong ◽  
Alexandra N. Ivanova ◽  
João Barroca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
The Family ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
C4 Pathway

C4 photosynthesis has evolved many times in 18 different families of land plants with great variation in leaf anatomy, ranging from various forms of Kranz anatomy to C4 photosynthesis occurring within a single type of photosynthetic cell. There has been little research on photosynthetic typing in the family Cleomaceae, in which only one C4 species has been identified, Cleome gynandra L. There is recent interest in selecting and developing a C4 species from the family Cleomaceae as a model C4 system, since it is the most closely related to Arabidopsis, a C3 model system (Brown et al. 2005). From screening more than 230 samples of Cleomaceae species, based on a measure of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in leaves, we have identified two additional C4 species, C. angustifolia Forssk. (Africa) and C. oxalidea F.Muell. (Australia). Several other species have δ13C values around –17‰ to –19‰, suggesting they are C4-like or intermediate species. Eight species of Cleome were selected for physiological, anatomical and biochemical analyses. These included C. gynandra, a NAD–malic enzyme (NAD–ME) type C4 species, C. paradoxa R.Br., a C3–C4 intermediate species, and 6 others which were characterised as C3 species. Cleome gynandra has C4 features based on low CO2 compensation point (Γ), C4 type δ13C values, Kranz-type leaf anatomy and bundle sheath (BS) ultrastructure, presence of C4 pathway enzymes, and selective immunolocalisation of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Cleome paradoxa was identified as a C3–C4 intermediate based on its intermediate Γ (27.5 μmol mol–1), ultrastructural features and selective localisation of glycine decarboxylase of the photorespiratory pathway in mitochondria of BS cells. The other six species are C3 plants based on Γ, δ13C values, non-Kranz leaf anatomy, and levels of C4 pathway enzymes (very low or absent) typical of C3 plants. The results indicate that this is an interesting family for studying the genetic basis for C4 photosynthesis and its evolution from C3 species.

scholarly journals LEAF ANATOMY CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR Apochloa SPECIES: A C3 GENUS RELATED TO EVOLUTION OF C4 PATHWAY IN GRASSES

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Ane Marcela das Chagas Mendonça ◽  
Pedro Lage Viana ◽  
João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Photosynthesis Pathway

Leaf anatomy characteristics provide important evidences about the transition between C3 and C4 pathways. The C4 photosynthesis pathway allowed to reduce the C3 photorespiratory rate, concentrating CO2 around the Rubisco site and using structures and machinery already presented in C3 plants. In monocots, it is observed a high number of C4 lineages, most of them phylogenetically related to C3 groups. The genus Apochloa (C3), subtribe Arthropogoninae, is related to two C4 genera Coleataenia and Cyphonanthus. The aim of this study was to evaluate four Apochloa species in order to establish anatomical characteristics related to the evolution of C4 pathway in this group. By means of transverse sections fully expanded leaves of A. euprepes, A. lorea, A. molinioides, and A. poliophylla were collected and the characteristics of the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells were determined. These species showed a rustic Kranz anatomy with enlarged and radial arranged BS cells, which have few organelles organized in a centrifugal position. Although the modifications of BS cells are probably related to the maintenance of plant water status, we also discuss the evolution for the establishment of C4 photosynthesis in the related C4 genera.

δ13C values of C3 and C4 species of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Hattersley ◽  
Z Roksandic
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Related Species ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
C3 And C4 Species ◽  
C4 Species

δ13C values are presented for the 10 closely related species of the endemic Australian genera Thyridolepis, Paraneurachne and Neurachne (Poaceae). The three Thyridolepis species exhibit values typical of C3 plants, Paraneurachne muelleri of C4 plants. The genus Neurachne is variable; five species have C*3 values while N. munroi is typically C*4. These results generally confirm previous anatomical observations showing that Neurachne appears to contain both C3 and C4 species. N. minor, however, while having C3 δ13C values, has leaf anatomy which suggests it is C4. N. minor may be a C3/C4 intermediate.

scholarly journals Leaf Anatomy of C3-C4 Species as Related to Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Harold Brown ◽  
Paul W. Hattersley
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C4 Species

Photosynthetic Mechanisms of Weeds in Taiwan

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Lin ◽  
YS Tai ◽  
DJ Liu ◽  
MSB Ku
Keyword(s):  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
On This Island ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Pep Carboxykinase ◽  
First Time

One hundred and one species (in 36 families) of weeds on cultivated land in Taiwan were investigated for the occurrence of Kranz leaf anatomy and activities of key enzymes of C4 photosynthesis to determine their photosynthetic mechanisms. Based on the anatomical and biochemical analyses, 75 species were found to possess the C3 and 26 species the C4 pathway of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Among the 26 C4 species, 15 species are in Gramineae, 6 in Cyperaceae, 2 each in Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae, and 1 in Portulacaceae. Two C4 species in the Gramineae, namely Digitaria radicosa (Presl) Miq. and Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, were recorded as C4 plants for the first time. The biochemical subdivisions of these C4 weeds were also determined. As in the natural C4 populations, the NADP-malic enzyme subtype of C4 photosynthesis dominates the list of C4 weeds on this island (62%), while the PEP carboxykinase subtype is relatively rare (12%). NAD-malic enzyme subtype has an intermediate representation (26%). The high proportion of weeds in Taiwan being C3 plants is noteworthy, and it may be accounted for by the high precipitation in this subtropical island.

Modelling metabolic evolution on phenotypic fitness landscapes: a case study on C4 photosynthesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Heckmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Fitness Landscapes ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Metabolic Systems ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Phenotypic Fitness

How did the complex metabolic systems we observe today evolve through adaptive evolution? The fitness landscape is the theoretical framework to answer this question. Since experimental data on natural fitness landscapes is scarce, computational models are a valuable tool to predict landscape topologies and evolutionary trajectories. Careful assumptions about the genetic and phenotypic features of the system under study can simplify the design of such models significantly. The analysis of C4 photosynthesis evolution provides an example for accurate predictions based on the phenotypic fitness landscape of a complex metabolic trait. The C4 pathway evolved multiple times from the ancestral C3 pathway and models predict a smooth ‘Mount Fuji’ landscape accordingly. The modelled phenotypic landscape implies evolutionary trajectories that agree with data on modern intermediate species, indicating that evolution can be predicted based on the phenotypic fitness landscape. Future directions will have to include structural changes of metabolic fitness landscape structure with changing environments. This will not only answer important evolutionary questions about reversibility of metabolic traits, but also suggest strategies to increase crop yields by engineering the C4 pathway into C3 plants.

C4 rice: a challenge for plant phenomics

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Furbank ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
John Sheehy ◽  
Gerry Edwards
Keyword(s):  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Plant Phenomics ◽  
Research Consortium ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

There is now strong evidence that yield potential in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is becoming limited by ‘source’ capacity, i.e. photosynthetic capacity or efficiency, and hence the ability to fill the large number of grain ‘sinks’ produced in modern varieties. One solution to this problem is to introduce a more efficient, higher capacity photosynthetic mechanism to rice, the C4 pathway. A major challenge is identifying and engineering the genes necessary to install C4 photosynthesis in rice. Recently, an international research consortium was established to achieve this aim. Central to the aims of this project is phenotyping large populations of rice and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) mutants for ‘C4-ness’ to identify C3 plants that have acquired C4 characteristics or revertant C4 plants that have lost them. This paper describes a variety of plant phenomics approaches to identify these plants and the genes responsible, based on our detailed physiological knowledge of C4 photosynthesis. Strategies to asses the physiological effects of the installation of components of the C4 pathway in rice are also presented.

Evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis and the route to C4 rice

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Ning Sun ◽  
Shangjun Yang ◽  
Yanhong Zhao ◽  
Xiaoqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Leaf Architecture ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
C4 Evolution ◽  
C4 Enzymes

AbstractCompared with C3 plants, C4 plants possess a mechanism to concentrate CO2 around the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells so that the carboxylation reaction work at a much more efficient rate, thereby substantially eliminate the oxygenation reaction and the resulting photorespiration. It is observed that C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3 photosynthesis under conditions of low atmospheric CO2, heat, drought and salinity, suggesting that these factors are the important drivers to promote C4 evolution. Although C4 evolution took over 66 times independently, it is hypothesized that it shared the following evolutionary trajectory: 1) gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization; 2) anatomical and ultrastructral changes of leaf architecture to improve the hydraulic systems; 3) establishment of two-celled photorespiratory pump; 4) addition of transport system; 5) co-option of the duplicated genes into C4 pathway and adaptive changes of C4 enzymes. Based on our current understanding on C4 evolution, several strategies for engineering C4 rice have been proposed to increase both photosynthetic efficiency and yield significantly in order to avoid international food crisis in the future, especially in the developing countries. Here we summarize the latest progresses on the studies of C4 evolution and discuss the strategies to introduce two-celled C4 pathway into rice.

Distribution and cytology of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae), a group containing C3, C4 and C3-C4 Intermediate species

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
HDV Prendergast ◽  
PW Hattersley
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
C3 Grasses ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Cytological, phytogeographical and habitat data are presented for the Neurachneae (Poaceae), a tribe endemic to Australia and containing seven C3 two C4 and one C3-C4 intermediate species. Chromosome counts for 34 accessions Australia-wide reveal a typical eu-panicoid base number (x = 9). Three species are diploid (Neurachne tenuifolia C3, Thyridolepis mitchelliana C3 and T. xerophila C3,); four species (Paraneurachne muelleri C4, N. minor C3-C4, N. lanigera C3, T. multiculmis C3) are tetraploid only, one (N. queenslandica C3) is hexaploid only, while two (N. alopecuroidea C3 and N. munroi C4) are variable. Aneuploidy was found in individuals of N. minor (2n = 4x+1) and N. queenslandica (2n = 6x -1). Chromosomes are small (mean c. 2 �m) and metacentric or submetacentric. Using localities derived from all known collections in Australian herbaria, actual and computer-predicted distributions were mapped using the Bioclimate Prediction System (BIOCLIM) developed by H. A. Nix and J. R. Busby. Species distributions, habitats and chromosome counts are discussed in relation to photosynthetic pathway, present and past climates and evolutionary history. The Neurachneae are mainly subtropical, arid and semiarid zone plants. However, the distribution of their C3 species contrasts with those of other C3 eu-panicoids and C3 grasses as a whole. The temperate species N. alopecuroidea is the only native C3 eu-panicoid known from south-western Australia. It is suggested that phenotypic expression of C4, photosynthesis in the Neurachneae occurred independently of other grasses and that they did not extend into arid and semiarid regions from a mesic temperate zone.

Photosynthetic features of non-Kranz type C4 versus Kranz type C4 and C3 species in subfamily Suaedoideae (Chenopodiaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica E. Smith ◽  
Nouria K. Koteyeva ◽  
Elena V. Voznesenskaya ◽  
Thomas W. Okita ◽  
Gerald E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Light Response Curves ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Bienertia Sinuspersici ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

The objective of this study was to characterise photosynthesis in terrestrial non-Kranz (NK) C4 species, Bienertia sinuspersici Akhani and Suaeda aralocaspica (Bunge) Freitag & Schütze (formerly Borszczowia aralocaspica), compared with closely related Kranz type C4 Suaeda eltonica Iljin and Suaeda taxifolia Standley, and C3 species Suaeda heterophylla Bunge and Suaeda maritima Dumort in subfamily Suaedoideae (Chenopodiaceae). Traditional Kranz type C4 photosynthesis has several advantages over C3 photosynthesis under certain environmental conditions by suppressing photorespiration. The different photosynthetic types were evaluated under varying levels of CO2 and light at 25°C. Both NK and Kranz type species had C4 type CO2 compensation points (corrected for dark-type respiration) and half maximum saturation of photosynthesis at similar levels of atmospheric CO2 (average of 145 µbar for the C4 species v. 330 µbar CO2 for C3 species) characteristic of C4 photosynthesis. CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll was higher in the C3 (at ~2.5 current ambient CO2 levels) than the C4 species, which is likely related to their higher Rubisco content. The amount of Rubisco as a percentage of total protein was similar in NK and Kranz type species (mean 10.2%), but much lower than in the C3 species (35%). Light saturated rates of CO2 fixation per unit leaf area at 25°C and 340 µbar CO2 were higher in the Kranz species and the NK C4 S. aralocaspica than in the C3 species. In response to light at 340 µbar CO2, there was a difference in rates of photosynthesis per unit Rubisco with NK > Kranz > C3 species. There were no significant differences between the three photosynthetic types in maximum quantum yields, convexity of light response curves, and light compensation points at 25°C. The water use efficiency (CO2 fixed per water transpired) at 340 µbar CO2, 25°C and 1000 µmol quanta m–2 s–1 was on average 3-fold higher in the C4 (NK and Kranz) compared with the C3 species. The results show that the NK species have several C4 traits like the Kranz type species in subfamily Suaedoideae.

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