Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected L-arginine supplementation during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes improve fetal thymus development and immune function

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Fangfang Zhao ◽  
Haitao Nie ◽  
Tiewei Ma ◽  
Ziyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fetal Thymus ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Thymus Development ◽  
Hu Sheep

The aims of the present study were to determine whether dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected l-arginine (RP-Arg) to underfed Hu sheep would improve fetal thymus development and immune function. From Day 35 to Day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): 100% National Research Council (NRC)-recommended nutrient requirements (CON), 50% NRC recommendations (RES), 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 20 g day−1 RP-Arg (RES+ARG), and 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 5 g day−1 NCG (RES+NCG). Medullary thickness was increased (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but was reduced (P < 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes compared with RES ewes. There were no differences in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity or malondialdehyde levels in the RES+ARG and RES+NCG groups compared with the CON group (P > 0.05). Concentrations of IgA, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 in fetal umbilical cord blood were reduced (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were increased (P < 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. Expression of Bax, Fas and p53 mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were reduced (P > 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with NCG and RP-Arg could help alleviate the negative effects of intrauterine growth restriction on fetal thymus development and immune function.

Association Between Fetal Thymus Size and Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932110547
Author(s):  
Elham Keshavarz ◽  
Marjan Rustazade Sheikhyusefi ◽  
Ensi Khalili Pouya ◽  
Masoumeh Mirzamoradi ◽  
Mehdi Khazaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Thymus ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thymus Size

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between reduced fetal thymus size and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This study was devised to determine the association between thymus size and any abnormal Doppler indices within the fetal umbilical artery (UA), as well as the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Materials and Methods: Forty-six pregnancies between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation with IUGR and 46 normal pregnancies within similar gestational age (GA) range were included. The transverse diameter of fetal thymus was measured. In the IUGR group, the fetal umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler flow velocities were recorded. Results: The mean GA of fetuses with IUGR (33.5 weeks) was higher than control group (30.3 weeks). To adjust for the effect of GA, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. The adjusted mean thymus diameters were 19.02 mm in IUGR and 21.25 within the control group (mean difference = 2.23 mm; P = .02). The mean (±SD) thymus size in 16 fetuses, with abnormal Doppler findings, was significantly lower than in the group with normal Doppler findings, 17.45 (±2.50) vs 22.02 (±5.39) mm; P < .001. Conclusion: IUGR may be associated with reduced fetal thymus size, especially when coupled with abnormal Doppler findings. The thymus size in a group of IUGR fetuses, with abnormal Doppler findings, was smaller than IUGR fetuses, with normal Doppler findings.

Prognostic Value of Fetal Thymus Size in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atalay Ekin ◽  
Cenk Gezer ◽  
Cuneyt Eftal Taner ◽  
Ulas Solmaz ◽  
Naciye Sinem Gezer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Fetal Thymus ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Thymus Size

Dietary supplementation of l-arginine and N-carbamylglutamate enhances duodenal barrier and mitochondrial functions and suppresses duodenal inflammation and mitophagy in suckling lambs suffering from intrauterine-growth-restriction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 4456-4470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Yi Ma ◽  
Mengzhi Wang ◽  
Mabrouk Elsabagh ◽  
Juan J. Loor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
And Mitochondrial Functions

The work aimed at investigating the effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) or l-arginine (Arg) supplementation on the duodenal mitophagy, inflammation, and barrier function in suckling lambs suffering from intrauterine-growth-retardation (IUGR).

scholarly journals The effects of sildenafil citrate on feto–placental development and haemodynamics in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge López-Tello ◽  
María Arias-Álvarez ◽  
Maria-Ángeles Jiménez-Martínez ◽  
Alicia Barbero-Fernández ◽  
Rosa María García-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Sildenafil Citrate ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Brain

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of sildenafil citrate (SC) to improve placental and fetal growth in a diet-induced rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Pregnant rabbits were fed either ad libitum (Group C) or restricted to 50% of dietary requirements (Group R) or restricted and treated with SC (Group SC). The treatment with SC improved placental development by increasing vascularity and vessel hypertrophy in the decidua. The assessment of feto–placental haemodynamics showed higher resistance and pulsatility indices at the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in fetuses treated with SC when compared with Group R, which had increased systolic peak and time-averaged mean velocities at the MCA. Furthermore, fetuses in the SC group had significantly higher biparietal and thoracic diameters and longer crown–rump lengths than fetuses in Group R. Hence, the SC group had a reduced IUGR rate and a higher kit size at birth compared with Group R. In conclusion, SC may provide potential benefits in pregnancies with placental insufficiency and IUGR, partially counteracting the negative effects of food restriction on placental development and fetal growth. However, the present study also found evidence of a possible blood overflow in the brain that warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals BIOMARKERS OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-441
Author(s):  
Ewa Gulczyńska ◽  
Ewa Peterson ◽  
Tomasz Radzik ◽  
Ludmiła Żylińska
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Umbilical Blood ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a serious clinical problem affecting about 10% of all pregnancies, and even up to 15% of all monochorionic twin pregnancies. This disorder is accompanied by strongly increased perinatal mortality. IUGR has multiple causes including maternal, fetal, placental, and environmental factors. Importantly, IUGR is associated with a number of negative effects exerted just after the birth, as well as during the later years of life. Despite multiple clinical trials conducted for many years, there is no reliable algorithm to diagnose the disease at an early stage, and lack of efficient therapy increases the risk of abnormal fetus development. In this short review, we present recent progress on potential IUGR biomarkers that could be determined during pregnancy and in the umbilical blood after delivery to provide more accurate diagnosis, prophylaxis and efficient treatment.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Value of Fetal Thymus Size in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mosaad Elshishiny ◽  
Mohamed Mohsen Elnamoury ◽  
Ayman Abd Elaziz Aldorf ◽  
Essmat Hamdy AboZeid
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Thymus ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Doppler Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Thymus Size

Background: Changes in thymus size and histopathology have been observed both in animal models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the fetal thymus by sonography in pregnancies with IUGR and to search for a possible relationship between a fetal thymus size and adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out on 100 participants who were divided into two groups. Group A: Study group which include 50 patients with IUGR. Group B: Control group which Include 50 normal patients with appropriate gestational age. All patients were subjected to: History taking: (Personal, Obstetric History, Maternal Medical History) and trans-abdominal ultrasound. Results: IUGR group show statistically significant decrease in the estimate of fetal weight (EFW) compared to the control group (P<0.05). Doppler study of umbilical artery shows significant increase of (pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and systolic/diastolic (S/D) in IUGR group when compared to control group. Doppler study of middle cerebral artery (MCA) shows significant increase in (RI, SD) in IUGR group when compared to control group while PI doesn’t show significant difference between two groups.  Thymus size decrease in IUGR group when compared to the control group. IUGR group had low survival and lower APGR Score when compared to the control group. Correlation between thymus size with the studied doppler parameters and pregnancy outcome in the current study. Umbilical Doppler RI, PI and SD showed statistically significance in this study (P<0.05) and this means that the blood flow in the umbilical arterial (UA) is important for the fetus. As regard the MCA RI and SD Doppler, they show statistically significance in this study (P<0.05) while the MCA PI Doppler did not show any statistically significance in this study (P>0.05). Conclusions: IUGR is associated with small thymus and small fetal thymus may be an early indicator of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by IUGR.

scholarly journals Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces cutaneous responses to antigen after sensitization in sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (7) ◽  
pp. R441-R446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Wooldridge ◽  
Robert J. Bischof ◽  
Els N. Meeusen ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Gary K. Heinemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity

Prenatal and early childhood exposures are implicated as causes of allergy, but the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on immune function and allergy are poorly defined. We therefore evaluated effects of experimental restriction of fetal growth on immune function and allergic sensitization in adolescent sheep. Immune function (circulating total red and white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, and the antibody response to Clostridial vaccination) and responses to house dust mite (HDM) allergen and ovalbumin (OVA) antigen sensitization (specific total Ig, IgG1, and IgE antibodies, and cutaneous hypersensitivity) were investigated in adolescent sheep from placentally restricted (PR, n = 23) and control ( n = 40) pregnancies. Increases in circulating HDM-specific IgE ( P = 0.007) and OVA-specific IgE ( P = 0.038) were greater in PR than control progeny. PR did not alter total Ig, IgG1, or IgM responses to either antigen. PR increased OVA-specific but not HDM-specific IgA responses in females only ( P = 0.023). Multiple birth increased Ig responses to OVA in a sex-specific manner. PR decreased the proportion of positive cutaneous hypersensitivity responders to OVA at 24 h ( P = 0.030) but had no effect on cutaneous responses to HDM. Acute wheal responses to intradermal histamine correlated positively with birth weight in singletons ( P = 0.023). Intrauterine growth restriction may suppress inflammatory responses in skin downstream of IgE induction, without impairment in antibody responses to a nonpolysaccharide vaccine. Discord between cutaneous and IgE responses following sensitization suggests new mechanisms for prenatal allergy programming.

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