A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Murray Hannah ◽  
Kirsten Barlow ◽  
Fiona Robertson ◽  
Nicole Mathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
Total P ◽  
Water Extractable

Phosphorus (P) exports from agricultural land are a problem world-wide and soil tests are often used to identify high risk areas. A recent study investigated changes in soil (0–20 mm), soil water and overland flow in 4 recently laser-graded (<1 year) and 4 established (laser-graded >10 years) irrigated pastures in south-eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. We use the results from that study to briefly examine the relationships between a series of ‘agronomic’ (Olsen P, Colwell P), environmental (water-extractable P, calcium chloride extractable P, P sorption saturation, and P sorption), and other (total P, organic P) soil P tests. Of the 2 ‘agronomic’ soil P tests, Colwell P explained 91% of the variation in Olsen P, and Colwell P was better correlated with the other soil tests. With the exception of P sorption, all soil P tests explained 57% or more of the total variation in Colwell P, while they explained 61% or less of Olsen P possibly due to the importance of organic P in this soil. Variations in total P were best explained by the organic P (85%), Calcium chloride extractable P (83%), water-extractable P (78%), and P sorption saturation (76%). None of the tests adequately predicted the variation in P sorption at 5 mg P/L equilibrating solution concentration. The results of this limited study highlight the variability between soil P tests that may be used to estimate P loss potential. Moreover, these results suggest that empirical relationships between specific soil P tests and P export potential will have limited resolution where different soil tests are used, as the errors in the relationship between soil test P and P loss potential are compounded by between test variation. We conclude that broader study is needed to determine the relationships between soil P tests for Australian soils, and based on that study a standard protocol for assessing the potential for P loss should be developed.

Dung decomposition in temperate dairy pastures. II. Contribution to plant-available soil phosphorus

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Aarons ◽  
H. M. Hosseini ◽  
L. Dorling ◽  
C. J. P. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Organic P ◽  
High Input ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Pools ◽  
Microbial P ◽  
Total P ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

Changes in dung and soil inorganic and organic P pools were measured in an experiment investigating the effects of dung on soil properties in 2 grazed dairy pasture systems (low and high input). Total dung P and bicarbonate-extractable P pools were measured in decomposing pads and compared with the changes in inorganic and organic bicarbonate-extractable soil P, P sorption, and microbial P flush of soils beneath dung pads and control 'pads' where nothing was applied. Bicarbonate-extractable total P in the dung pads declined to the same level in both systems by the last sample date. Organic P comprised a similar proportion (36%) of the bicarbonate-extractable total P pool in dung from both low and high input systems. However, the transformations of dung P were different in each system, with the bicarbonate-extractable total P in the low input dung increasing by 25% before declining, and a greater decrease in percentage bicarbonate-extractable organic P in this system.Bicarbonate-extractable soil organic P did not vary under dung pads despite the large increases in Olsen and Colwell P observed. Soil Olsen P trends observed in the low and high input systems indicate a potential for leaching losses of P in high input systems compared with low. This increase in soil Olsen P was not due to decreased P sorption as dung did not reduce the sorption capacity of the soil. Microbial soil P increased under dung pads only after 60 days in this experiment. Neither the organic P nor microbial P pools contributed significantly to soil labile P pools in these temperate dairy pasture systems. The transformations of P thought to occur during the decomposition of dung are discussed.

Leaching of dissolved phosphorus from tile-drained agricultural areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2953-2958 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Andersen ◽  
J. Windolf ◽  
B. Kronvang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Water Extractable

Abstract We investigated leaching of dissolved phosphorus (P) from 45 tile-drains representing animal husbandry farms in all regions of Denmark. Leaching of P via tile-drains exhibits a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with a low concentration in the majority of tile-drains and few tile-drains (15% in our investigation) having high to very high concentration of dissolved P. The share of dissolved organic P (DOP) was high (up to 96%). Leaching of DOP has hitherto been a somewhat overlooked P loss pathway in Danish soils and the mechanisms of mobilization and transport of DOP needs more investigation. We found a high correlation between Olsen-P and water extractable P. Water extractable P is regarded as an indicator of risk of loss of dissolved P. Our findings indicate that Olsen-P, which is measured routinely in Danish agricultural soils, may be a useful proxy for the P leaching potential of soils. However, we found no straight-forward correlation between leaching potential of the top soil layer (expressed as either degree of P saturation, Olsen-P or water extractable P) and the measured concentration of dissolved P in the tile-drain. This underlines that not only the source of P but also the P loss pathway must be taken into account when evaluating the risk of P loss.

Depletion, accumulation and availability of soil phosphorus in the Askov long-term field experiment

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musibau O. Azeez ◽  
Gitte Holton Rubæk ◽  
Ingeborg Frøsig Pedersen ◽  
Bent T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
Water Extractable

Soil phosphorus (P) reserves, built up over decades of intensive agriculture, may account for most of the crop P uptake, provided adequate supply of other plant nutrients. Whether crops grown on soils with reduced supply of other nutrients obtain similar use-efficiency of soil P reserves remains unclear. In treatments of the Askov Long-Term Experiment (initiated in 1894 on light sandy loam), we quantified changes in soil total P and in plant-available P (Olsen P, water extractable P and P offtake in wheat grains) when P-depleted soil started receiving P in rock phosphate and when P application to soil with moderate P levels ceased during 1997–2017. Additionally we studied treatments with soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years and with soil first being P depleted and then exposed to surplus dressings of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium in cattle manure. For soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years, average grain P offtake was 6 kg ha–1 and Olsen P averaged 4.6 mg kg–1, representing the lower asymptotic level of plant-available P. Adding igneous rock phosphate to severely P-depleted soil with no N fertilisation had little effect on Olsen P, water extractable P (Pw), grain yields and P offtake. For soils with moderate levels of available P, withholding P application for 20 years reduced contents of Olsen P by 56% (from 16 to 7 mg P kg–1) and of Pw by 63% (from 4.5 to 1.7 mg P kg–1). However, the level of plant-available P was still above that of unfertilised soil. Application of animal manure to P-depleted soil gradually raised soil P availability, grain yield and P offtake, but it took 20 years to restore levels of plant-available P. Our study suggests symmetry between rates of depletion and accumulation of plant-available P in soil.

scholarly journals Four soil phosphorus (P) tests evaluated by plant P uptake and P balancing in the Ultuna long-term field experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosch Klaus A ◽  
Santner Jakob ◽  
Parvage Mohammed Masud ◽  
Gerzabek Martin Hubert ◽  
Zehetner Franz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
Water Extractable ◽  
Term Field

Soil phosphorus (P) availability was assessed with four different soil P tests on seven soils of the Ultuna long-term field experiment (Sweden). These four soil P tests were (1) P-H<sub>2</sub>O (water extractable P); (2) P-H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>C10</sub> (water extractable P upon 10 consecutive extractions); (3) P-AL (ammonium lactate extractable P) and (4) P-C<sub>DGT</sub> (P desorbable using diffusive gradients in thin films). The suitability of these soil P tests to predict P availability was assessed by correlation with plant P uptake (mean of preceding 11 years) and soil P balancing (input vs. output on plot level for a period of 54 years). The ability to predict these parameters was in the order P-H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>C10</sub> &gt; P-C<sub>DGT</sub> &gt; P-H<sub>2</sub>O &gt; P-AL. Thus, methods considering the P-resupply from the soil solid phase to soil solution performed clearly better than equilibrium-based extractions. Our findings suggest that the P-AL test, commonly used for P-fertilizer recommendations in Sweden, could not predict plant P uptake and the soil P balance in a satisfying way in the analysed soils.

Long-term phosphorus trends in Vertisols under continuous cereal cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dalal
Keyword(s):  
Size Fraction ◽  
Available P ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Clay Size Fraction ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Total P ◽  
Sand Size

Vertisols originally carrying brigalow vegetation (Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.) and cultivated for cereal cropping for up to 45 years were examined for trends in available phosphorus (P) [sodium bicarbonate extractable P (bicarb. P) and dilute acid extractable P (acid P)], organic P, inorganic P, and total P. The soils (0-0 · 1 m depth) in their virgin state contained 60 mg/kg of bicarb. P, 168 mg/kg of acid P, 239 mg/kg of organic P, and 330 mg/kg of inorganic P. All fractions of soil P declined following first-order decay with the period of cereal cropping; the rates of bicarb. P and acid P (available P) decline were 0 · 047 and 0 · 08/year. The organic P, inorganic P, and total P declined more slowly than available P; the respective rates were 0 · 026, 0 · 019, and 0 · 021/year. The rates of loss of total P and inorganic P were much higher from the clay-size fraction than the silt-size or sand-size fraction, with the t½ value of inorganic P in the sand-size fraction being almost 20 times greater than any other fraction. On the other hand, organic P loss from the clay-size fraction was much less; presumably, clay provides physical protection to soil organic matter and hence to organic P from decomposition. On average, bicarb. P and acid P declined at the rate of 1 · 3±0 · 3 and 4 · 6±1 · 4 mg P/kg soil · year. The declines in organic P and inorganic P were 3 · 0±0.4 and 4 · 1±1 · 2 mg P/kg soil · year, with a loss in total P of 7 · 2±1 · 3 mg P/kg soil · year. There was no significant shift in the ratio organic P: total P (38±7%) with the period of cultivation and cereal cropping. Organic P was closely correlated with organic C and total N in these soils. The mean amounts of P contained in the grain and the dry matter of each cereal crop from 1981 and 1984 were 7 · 6±1 · 8 and 8 · 3±2 · 4 kg P/ha, respectively. Thus, most of the soil total P loss could be accounted for by crop removal, of which organic P contributed about 40%. However, the continuous decline in available P, especially below 15 mg P/kg soil, warrants remedial measures to arrest the decline in the yields of crops grown on these Vertisols.

Factors affecting the change in extractable phosphorus following the application of phosphatic fertiliser on pasture soils in southern Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
C. J. P. Gourley ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
N. C. Uren ◽  
M. C. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content

Nine pasture soils from high rainfall zones of southern Victoria were analysed for a range of chemical and physical properties before receiving a single application of P fertiliser in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), or TSP and lime (5 t/ha) at amounts ranging from 0 to 280 kg P/ha. Soils were analysed for bicarbonate-extractable P concentration, using both the Olsen P and Colwell P methods, 6 and 12 months after fertiliser application. A strong positive linear relationship existed at all sites between the amount of P applied and both the Olsen P and Colwell P concentrations. The slopes of these relationships measured the change in extractable P concentration (Δ EP) per unit of P applied, whilst the inverse of the ΔEP value indicated the amount of P fertiliser required above maintenance to increase the extractable P concentration by 1 mg/kg. These values ranged from 5 to 15 kg P/ha, depending on soil type. The ΔEP measured by the Olsen (Δ EP Olsen ) method was closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, whilst the ΔEPColwell values were also closely related to selected soil properties and P sorption measures, but only when one particular site, an acidic sand, with a high organic carbon content was excluded from the analysis. In general, simple, direct measures of soil P sorption could allow the estimation of ΔEP values on different soil types. The application of P in the form of SSP resulted in a trend for higher ΔEP values than occurred with TSP. This difference was significant on 3 sites (P < 0.05), but depended on the method of extraction and the time after fertiliser application. The application of lime significantly (P < 0.001) increased soil pH (H2 O and CaCl 2 ) and decreased the concentration of exchangeable Al, 6 months after treatments were applied, but generally had little impact on ΔEP values.

Calibration of methods for soil and diagnostic plant analysis in the Hungarian National Fertilization Long-term Trials. I. Comparison of soil P tests for agronomic purposes in the soils of long-term experiments

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
Péter Csathó ◽  
Marianna Magyar ◽  
Erzsébet Osztoics ◽  
Katalin Debreczeni ◽  
Katalin Sárdi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Soil P Tests

A szabadföldi trágyázási (tartam)kísérletek eredményeit talaj-, illetve diagnosztikai célú növényvizsgálatok segítségével tudjuk kiterjeszteni, általánosítani – figyelembe véve természetesen a kiterjesztés korlátait is. Célszerűnek láttuk ezen túl a talaj könnyen oldható tápelem-, közöttük P-tartalmát is meghatározni a hazánkban hivatalosan elfogadott AL- (ammónium-laktátos) módszer mellett az Európai Unióban és Észak-Amerikában alkalmazott P-tesztekkel is (CaCl2-, H2O-, Olsen-, Bray1-, LE-, Mehlich3- stb.) a hazai OMTK kísérletek talajmintáiban. A kísérleti helyek talajtulajdonságaiban megnyilvánuló jelentős különbségek lehetőséget adnak rá, hogy a talaj P-teszteket – és a növényi P-felvételt – jellegzetes hazai talajokon, sokszor szélsőséges talajparaméterek mellett vizsgáljuk. Az egyes P-szintek között a 28 év átlagában mintegy évi 50 kg P2O5·ha-1volt a különbség. A P0-szinten mért P-tartalmak jól jelezték az egyes kísérleti helyek talajának eltérő P-ellátottságát, illetve, közvetve, fizikai féleségében, pH és mészállapotában meglévő különbségeket. A P2-szinten – a hazai talajokra, P-igényes növényekre a hazai szabadföldi P-trágyázási tartamkísérleti adatbázisban talált összefüggésekre alapozott – új AL-P határértékek szerint csupán a bicsérdi csernozjom barna erdőtalajon nem javult a P-ellátottság legalább a „jó” szintig. Vizsgálataink megerősítették az AL-módszer függőségét a CaCO3-tartalomtól: a Mehlich3 módszerrel való összefüggésben a karbonátmentes és a karbonátos talajok csoportja erőteljesen elkülönült egymástól. Az AL-P korrekció elvégzése, azaz az AL-P értékeknek egy standard talajtulajdonság-sorra való konvertálása (KA: 36; pH(KCl): 6,8; CaCO3: 0,1%) látványosan csökkentette az AL-módszernek a talaj CaCO3-tartalmától való függőségét. Az AL-P és Olsen-P, valamint a korrigált AL-P és Olsen-P tartalmak összehasonlításában ugynakkor ugyanez az összefüggés nem volt állapítható, ami arra utal, hogy az Olsen módszer bizonyos fokig szintén pH- és mészállapot függő. Kísérleti eredményeink megerősítették a Sarkadi-féle AL-P korrekciós modell helytálló voltát. Fenti megállapításunkat ugyanakkor a növényi P-tartalmakkal való összefüggéseknek is igazolniuk kell. Szükséges tehát a talajvizsgálati eredményeknek a diagnosztikai célú növényvizsgálatokkal, valamint a terméseredményekkel való összevetése. A tartamkísérletek talajai lehetőséget nyújtanak a környezetvédelmi célú P-vizsgálatok értékelésére, a talaj P-feltöltöttsége környezeti kockázatának becslésére. Ezekkel a kérdésekkel a cikksorozat további részeiben kívánunk foglalkozni.

scholarly journals Phosphorus loss potential and phosphatase activities in paddy soils

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wang ◽  
X. Liang ◽  
G. Liu ◽  
H. Li ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Paddy Soils ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Phosphatase Activities ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Free Treatment ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Total P

The effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on P loss potential, soil Olsen-P and neutral phosphatase activities in paddy soils fertilized with superphosphate or pig manure (PM) were evaluated in this paper. Data were collected from a field experiment in the Tai Lake Basin, China. Superphosphate rates were 0, 17.5, 26.7, and 35.0 kg P/ha, and PM rates were 0, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.8 t/ha for each crop, respectively. Soil Olsen-P in the plow layer increased to a greater extent with PM than with superphosphate. Pig manure increased neutral phosphatase activities in the plow layer compared with PM-free treatment. In contrast, superphosphate inhibited neutral phosphatase activities compared with superphosphate-free treatment. Spring application of P fertilizer markedly increased the total P of surface water in November (&lt; 0.01 vs. 0.10 mg/L) compared with P-free treatment. The total P of shallow groundwater at a 75 cm depth was ~0.01 mg/L. Phosphorus fertilizer did not influence Olsen-P or neutral phosphatase activities under the plow layer. Downward movement of P did not occur. Appropriate rate of P application of 26.2 kg P/ha for each crop in this soil reduced the risk of P loss in the paddy wetland ecosystem.

Soil phosphorus depletion capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by maize hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
S. H. Begna ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Total P ◽  
Extractable Soil

The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to help their host plant absorb soil P is well known, but little attention has been paid to the effect of AM fungi on soil P depletion capacity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess, under different P levels, the effects of mycorrhizae on extractable soil P and P uptake by maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes. The experiment had three factors, including two mycorrhizal treatments (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal), three P fertilizer rates (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) and three maize hybrids [leafy normal stature (LNS), leafy reduced stature (LRS) and a conventional hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)]. Extractable soil P was determined after 3, 6 and 9 wk of maize growth. Plant biomass, P concentration and total P content were also determined after 9 wk of growth. Fertilization increased soil extractable P, plant biomass, P concentration in plants and total P uptake. In contrast to P3979, the LNS and LRS hybrids had higher biomass and total P content when mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae had less influence on soil extractable P than on total P uptake by plants. The absence of P fertilization increased the importance of AM fungi for P uptake, which markedly reduced soil extractable P under AM plants during growth. This effect was strongest for LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, intermediate for LRS, and not significant for the commercial hybrid P3979, which did not respond to AM inoculation. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, extraradical hyphae, maize hybrid,plant biomass, P uptake, soil extractable P

Phosphorus K-edge XANES spectroscopy has probably often underestimated iron oxyhydroxide-bound P in soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1736-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Prietzel ◽  
Wantana Klysubun
Keyword(s):  
Linear Combination ◽  
Xanes Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Iron Oxyhydroxide ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Fe Oxyhydroxides ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Phosphorus (P) K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of orthophosphate (oPO4) bound to soil FeIII minerals (e.g. ferrihydrite, goethite) show a pre-edge signal at 2148–2152 eV. It is unknown whether organic P bound to FeIII oxyhydroxides also show this feature. Otherwise, Fe-bound soil P may be underestimated by P K-edge XANES spectroscopy, because a large portion of Fe oxyhydroxide-bound P in soils is organic P. K-edge XANES spectra were obtained for different organic P compounds present in soils [inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] after sorption to ferrihydrite or goethite and compared with spectra of oPO4 adsorbed to these minerals. P sorption to ferrihydrite increased in the sequence IHP ≪ G6P < oPO4 < ATP. P sorption to goethite increased in the sequence G6P < oPO4 ≪ ATP = IHP. Pre-edge signals in P K-edge XANES spectra of organic P adsorbed to Fe oxyhydroxides were markedly smaller compared with those of oPO4 adsorbed to these minerals and absent for FeIII oxyhydroxide-bound ATP as well as goethite-bound IHP. Linear combination fitting (LCF) performed on spectra of IHP, G6P or ATP adsorbed to ferrihydrite or goethite, using only spectra of FeIII oxyhydroxide-bound oPO4 as reference compounds for Fe-bound P, erroneously assigned >93% (ferrihydrite) or >41% (goethite) of Fe-bound P to non-Fe-bound P species. Inclusion of FeIII oxyhydroxide-bound IHP as reference compounds markedly increased the recovery of oxyhydroxide-bound organic P. Thus, Fe-bound soil P has probably often been underestimated by LCF in soil XANES studies where IHP adsorbed to ferrihydrite and to goethite were not included as reference compounds.

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