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Author(s):  
Yongzhuang Wang ◽  
Xiangying Peng ◽  
Joann K. Whalen ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Caiyan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Geoderma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 115277
Author(s):  
Satya Narayana Pradhan ◽  
A.K. Ghosh ◽  
Seema ◽  
Shankar Ram ◽  
Yogesh Pal ◽  
...  

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 4642-4642
Author(s):  
Karun Neupane ◽  
Tehniat Faraz ◽  
Adeel Masood ◽  
Vinayak Aryal ◽  
Saman Bahram ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Pregnancy in the presence of MPN increases the risk of thrombosis, hemorrhagic events, pre-eclampsia, progression to myelofibrosis (MF) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leading to poor fetal outcome. Methods: We conducted a literature search on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov using MeSH terms and key words for MPN, PV, and ET from date of inception to January 2021. We excluded studies reporting less than 10 patients and those not in English language. Results: ET studies: How et al. (121 pregnancy (P)/52 women (W)) reported Aspirin (ASA) was protective and was used in 51.2% P (n=62/107) with OR (odd's ratio) of 0.304 (p=0.048; 90% CI 0.102-0.795). Similar benefit of ASA was also reported by Gangat e t al.(2009) (63P/36W ; P loss 21% in 24 patients receiving ASA vs 75% in 12 patients not receiving ASA), Niittyvuopio et al. (40P/16W; live births (LB) in all 13 P treated with ASA or ASA with prior cytoreduction therapy vs 67% complications and 56% loss of P in patients not treated with ASA), Randi et al. (1999) (16P/13W; 7/13 LB occurred on ASA, and only one P was lost on ASA), Bangerter et al.( 17P/9W; 100% P treated with ASA resulted in LB vs 45% LB in P without any treatment, p=0.04), and Pagliaro et al. (15P/9W; ASA monotherapy (n=3/15P) or ASA+ subcutaneous heparin (n=7/15P) resulted in nine LB). Cincotta e t al. (30P/12W) reported 79% LB with ASA or IFN-α vs 38% LB without any treatment (p=0.06). Among the treatment cohort, 5/7 patients on ASA had a LB, and all 4/4 patients on IFN-α had a LB. However, Beressi et al. (31P/18W) reported 4/8 untreated and 10/19 ASA treated P were lost with no statistically significant benefit. Palandri et al. reported 24P/13W treated with IFN-α (n=1), IFN-α + ASA (n=2) and ASA alone (n=9). The LB rate was not influenced significantly with treatment at conception (treated vs. untreated: 8/12 vs. 7/12, P=0.99). Melillo e t al. (122P/92W) reported no benefit with ASA. IFN-α had positive outcomes with 95% LB than patients not receiving IFN-α with 71.6% LB (OR 0.10 (95%CI: 0.013-0.846, p=0.034)). JAK2 mutation was associated with poorer outcomes (OR 6.19; 95%CI: 1.17-32.61; p=0.038). Wright et al. (43P/20W) reported no statistically significant difference between no treatment (n=16/43), ASA alone (n=24/43), ASA+cytoreduction (n=2/43), and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (n=1/43) groups. Passamonti et al.( 96P/58W ) reported statistically significant worse outcomes in JAK2 negative patients, no statistically significant benefit in JAK2 positive patients (p=0.05) with ASA and higher complications with conception while on cytoreduction therapy (n=6/13 abortion, n=3/13 pre-eclampsia). ET + Other MPN studies: Gangat et al. (2020) reported (152W ET and 36W PV) that in 95P/55W with ET, 60% pregnancy loss occurred without ASA vs 27% with ASA (p=0.02). All 4/36W with PV who were treated with one or more of ASA, enoxaparin, and hydroxyurea delivered LB, and 50% developed venous thromboembolism. Sokolowska et al. reported 104P/60W with MPN (47 ET, 3 PV, and 10 PMF) treated with various combinations of cytoreduction therapy (IFN-α in 48P, apheresis in 1P and anticoagulation (LMWH+ASA in 10, LMWH alone in 19 and ASA alone in 24P) during the pregnancy with 72.1% LB. Lapoirie et al. stratified 27P/14W (ET 19P/9W, PV 8P/5W) with MPN into high risk (67%) and standard risk and found significant P loss in all high-risk P that did not receive ASA (n=2). Maternal complications occurred in 3 high-risk P that received ASA. 77% of P treated with ASA, LMWH, or both resulted in a LB. Alimam et al. (58W; ET 47, PV 5, PMF 5, MPN-unclassified 1) reported better than predicted outcomes in 88% of women receiving ASA during P, 38% receiving ASA + prophylactic LMWH and 3% receiving ASA + therapeutic LMWH resulting in 58 LB with a P loss rate of 1.7/100 (95% CI; 0.04-9.24). PV studies: Irene et al. (24P/15W) reported a 40% incidence of P loss without antithrombotic therapy vs 10.5 % P loss receiving ASA, LMWH, or both. Willie e t al. divided 32P/14W with PV into two groups (treatment group: 18 P, treated with ASA during P and LMWH for six weeks postpartum; non-treatment group: 14 P) with 72% vs 14% LB respectively. Conclusion: Use of ASA, LMWH and cytoreductive therapy is the existing practice for pregnancies with MPN. However, proper evidence via a RCT is an unmet need. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Anwer: Janssen pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS / Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Allogene Therapeutics: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding.


Author(s):  
Dandan Ren ◽  
Wenfeng Liu ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
La Zhuo ◽  
Yindong Tong ◽  
...  

Abstract The grey water footprint (GWF) is defined as freshwater requirements for diluting pollutants in receiving water bodies. It is widely used to measure the impact of pollutant loads on water resources. GWF can be transferred from one area to another through trade. Although pollution flow has previously been investigated at the national level, there has been no explicit study on the extent to which crop trade affects GWF across regions and the associated changes in grey water stress (GWS). This study analyzes pollution flow associated with interprovincial crop trade based on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss intensity of three major crops, namely, maize, rice and wheat, which is simulated by a grid-based crop model for the period 2008–2012, and evaluates the spatial patterns of GWS across China. The results indicate that the integrated national GWF for N and P was 1,271 billion m3 yr-1, with maize, rice, and wheat contributing 39%, 37%, and 24%, respectively. Through interprovincial crop trade, southern China outsourced substantial N and P losses to the north, leading to a 30% GWS increase in northern China and 66% GWS mitigation in southern China. Specifically, Jilin, Henan, and Heilongjiang Provinces in the north showed increases in GWS by 161%, 114%, and 55%, respectively, while Fujian, Shanghai, and Zhejiang in the south had GWS reductions of 83%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. It was found that the interprovincial crop trade led to reduced national GWF and GWS. Insights into GWF and GWS can form the basis for policy developments on N and P pollution mitigation across regions in China.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Zhanyao Hu ◽  
Zheli Ding ◽  
Hatim M. Al-Yasi ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
Mamdouh A. Eissa ◽  
...  

Fertilization with high levels of phosphorus increases the risk of environmental pollution. Identification of critical values of P in soil (SOP) and in plant tissues (PiP) is essential for achieving the maximum wheat yield without P loss. The critical value is the value of P which gives the optimum yield; the response of crop yield to P fertilization above this value is not predictable or nil. Here, a 4-year field experiment was conducted to identify the SOP and PiP for achieving maximum yield of bread wheat using 11 rates of P fertilization (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 kg P2O5 ha−1). The linear–linear and Mitscherlich exponential models were employed to estimate the PiP and SOP. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was used to assess the potential environmental risk; furthermore, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was also calculated under the studied fertilization levels. Phosphorus in soil and wheat plant was affected by the application rates and growing seasons. Increasing P fertilization rates led to gradual increases in soil and plant P. The SOP ranged between 21 and 32 mg kg−1, while the PiP ranged between 6.40 and 7.49 g kg−1. The critical values of P calculated from the Mitscherlich exponential models were 20% higher than those calculated from the linear–linear models. Adding levels of P fertilization ≥90 kg P2O5 ha−1 leads to higher potentials of P runoff and leaching, in addition, PUE decreased sharply under high P fertilization levels. The response of wheat yield to P fertilization in sandy calcareous soil is predictable below Olsen P values of 21 mg kg−1. Identification of critical P values for wheat production is of great importance to help policy makers improve P use efficiency and attain optimum wheat yield under eco-friendly environmental conditions by eliminating the accumulation of excess P fertilizers in soil and water.


Author(s):  
Keith Reid ◽  
Kimberley D. Schneider

Balancing the weighting of various components of phosphorus loss in models is a critical but often overlooked step in accurate estimation of risk of P loss under field conditions. This study compared the P loss coefficients used to predict dissolved P losses from desorption from accumulated P in the soil, and those incidental to applications of P as fertilizer or manure, with extraction coefficients determined from actual P losses reported in literature for sites in Canada, with the addition of some sites with similar soils and climate from the northern tier of the United States. The extraction coefficients for dissolved P measured in runoff water was greater by a factor of 6.5X in year-round edge-of-field measurements than in runoff boxes, indicating that models using P extraction coefficients derived from runoff box experiments will be underestimating the magnitude of losses from P accumulation in soil. Differences among the measurement methods (runoff box, rainfall simulator or edge-of-field) were not evident for incidental losses from applied P, but current models appear to over-predict the losses of applied P. Good fit between measured and modelled DP concentrations were achieved by applying coefficients of 0.275 to the fertilizer equations, and 0.219 to the manure equations, implying that 72.5% of fertilizer P and 78% of manure P are not available for runoff. This study underlines the importance of considering the relative weights of the various components of P loss as new models are developed and validated.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dvorak ◽  
Emily Burr ◽  
Roselyn Peterson

Loss-of-control eating (LOCE) is often conceptualized as a negative reinforcement mechanism. However, LOCE does not consistently reduce negative affect (NA). One explanation for continued LOCE, despite a lack of NA reduction, may be expectations of NA reduction. Emotion regulation difficulties and low distress tolerance often predict LOCE, but have not been examined in the context of NA reduction expectancies. This study examined the main and interactive relationships between emotion regulation difficulties, distress tolerance, and NA reduction expectancies on LOCE in US adults (n =3331). Results indicate NA reduction expectancies are robust, eclipsing the predictive effects of other emotion regulation variables.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Khorasani ◽  
Zhenduo Zhu

Various hypotheses and models for phosphorus (P) retention in lakes are reviewed and 39 predictive models are assessed in three categories, namely mechanistic, semi-mechanistic, and strictly-empirical models. A large database consisting of 738 data points is gathered for the analyses. Assessing four pairs of competing hypotheses used in mechanistic models, we found that (i) simulating lakes as mixed-flow reactor is superior to plug-flow reactor hypothesis; (ii) modeling P loss as a second-order reaction outperforms the first-order reaction; (iii) P loss is better explained as a removal process throughout the lake volume than as a settling process across the sediments; and (iv) considering a fraction of P loading is associated with fast settling particles enhances lake total phosphorus (TP) predictions. Due to the systematic approach used for combining the hypotheses, some models are for the first time developed and assessed. For instance, the preeminent mechanistic model combines, for the first time, the second-order reaction hypothesis with the hypothesis that a specific proportion of P loading settles rapidly at the lake entrance. Results also showed that semi-mechanistic models outperform both mechanistic and strictly-empirical models since they take the form of a mechanistic model based on the physical representation of the lakes and utilize statistically acquired equations for unknown parameters. The best-fit model is a semi-mechanistic model that adopts the mixed-flow reactor hypothesis with a second-order volumetric reaction rate that is calculated as a non-linear function of inflow TP concentration, lake average depth, and water retention time. This model predicts 77.8% of the variability of log10-transformed lake TP concentration, which is 4.2% higher than the best mechanistic model and 0.8% higher than the best strictly-empirical model. The findings of this study not only shed light on the understanding of P retention in lakes but also can be useful for assessment of data-limited lakes and large-scale hydrological models to simulate the P cycle.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1926
Author(s):  
Aurup Ratan Dhar ◽  
Azusa Oita ◽  
Kazuyo Matsubae

The excessive consumption of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), two vital nutrients for living organisms, is associated with negative environmental and health impacts. While food production contributes to a large amount of N and P loss to the environment, very little N and P is consumed as food. Food habits are affected by multiple regulations, including the dietary restrictions and dictates of various religions. In this study, religion-sensitive N-Calculator and P-Calculator approaches were used to determine the impact of religious dietary culture on the food N and P footprints of India in the major religious communities. Using 2013 data, the food N footprint of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists was 10.70, 11.45, 11.47, and 7.39 kg-N capita−1 year−1 (10.82 kg-N capita−1 year−1 was the national average), and the food P footprint was 1.46, 1.58, 1.04. 1.58 and 1.58 kg-P capita−1 year−1 (1.48 kg-P capita−1 year−1 was the national average). The findings highlight the impact of individual choice on the N and P food footprints, and the importance of encouraging the followers of religion to follow a diet consistent with the food culture of that religion. The results of this study are a clear indication of the requirement for religion-sensitive analyses in the collecting of data pertinent to a particular country for use in making government policies designed to improve the recycling of food waste and the treatment of wastewater.


Author(s):  
Tianhai Ma ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
Xiaohong Ruan

Abstract River eutrophication risk increased significantly in agricultural areas. In this paper, spatial variability of soil phosphorus (P) and loss risk in the Jialu River Basin, China, were analyzed using a geostatistical approach. The correlation between soil and river sediment P was analyzed to identify the main aquatic P source. The results showed that inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the main form of soil TP (82.13%), but the ratio of apatite phosphorus (AP) and non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP) varied between different soil types. AP was the primary form of IP in fluvo-aquic cinnamon soil, while NAIP dominated in meadow aeolian sandy soil. Calculated soil total dissolvable P (TDP, 94–622 mg/kg) exceeded the environmental threshold. High TDP (>400 mg/kg) in mixed soil and sandy soil indicated a high P loss risk. The spatial variability of soil P was moderate to weak, indicating a low heterogeneity. In sediment, IP and AP showed a significant correlation with total organic carbon (p < 0.05), indicating a P source of soil erosion. Sediment AP had a significant positive correlation with soil AP (p < 0.05), confirming soil as the main source of sediment P. Furthermore, an accumulation of sediment P along the Jialu River and its consistency with water TP was revealed.


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