Prediction and measurement of thermally induced cambial tissue necrosis in tree stems

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Jones ◽  
Brent W. Webb ◽  
Bret W. Butler ◽  
Matthew B. Dickinson ◽  
Daniel Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Quercus Prinus

A model for fire-induced heating in tree stems is linked to a recently reported model for tissue necrosis. The combined model produces cambial tissue necrosis predictions in a tree stem as a function of heating rate, heating time, tree species, and stem diameter. Model accuracy is evaluated by comparison with experimental measurements in two hardwood and two softwood species: red maple (Acer rubrum), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Results are promising, and indicate that the model predicts stem mortality/survival correctly in ~75–80% of the test cases. A limited sensitivity analysis of model kill depth predictions suggests that the model is more sensitive to required input data for some species than for others, and that the certainty in predicting vascular cambium necrosis decreases as stem diameter decreases.

Thermally induced bark swelling in four North American tree species

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
B W Butler ◽  
B W Webb ◽  
D Jimenez ◽  
J A Reardon ◽  
J L Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Additional Protection

Bark protects both the living phloem and the vascular cambium of trees. For some tree species the bark has been observed to swell in the radial direction when heated by nearby flames, possibly providing additional protection from thermal injury. In this study, detailed measurements of bark swelling (tumescence) are reported for four species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Tests were conducted on over 574 samples extracted from 44 separate trees. The results clearly show that bark swelling occurs in the mature bark of Douglas-fir and to a lesser degree in chestnut oak. Ponderosa pine and red maple did not exhibit statistically significant swelling, but rather a modest decrease in overall bark thickness with heating. Significant swelling in Douglas-fir bark began at approximately 125 °C and resulted in a 15%–80% increase in overall bark thickness. Swelling of chestnut oak was observed to begin at an average temperature of 225 °C and resulted in a 5%–10% increase in total bark thickness. The increase in bark thickness occurred primarily in the radial direction in mature bark.

Vascular cambium necrosis in forest fires: using hyperbolic temperature regimes to estimate parameters of a tissue-response model

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Dickinson ◽  
J. Jolliff ◽  
A. S. Bova
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Hyperbolic temperature exposures (in which the rate of temperature rise increases with time) and an analytical solution to a rate-process model were used to characterise the impairment of respiration in samples containing both phloem (live bark) and vascular-cambium tissue during exposures to temperatures such as those experienced by the vascular cambium in tree stems heated by forest fires. Tissue impairment was characterised for red maple (Acer rubrum), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) samples. The estimated temperature dependence of the model’s rate parameter (described by the Arrhenius equation) was a function of the temperature regime to which tissues were exposed. Temperatures rising hyperbolically from near ambient (30°C) to 65°C produced rate parameters for the deciduous species that were similar at 60°C to those from the literature, estimated by using fixed temperature exposures. In contrast, samples from all species showed low rates of impairment, conifer samples more so than deciduous, after exposure to regimes in which temperatures rose hyperbolically between 50 and 60°C. A hypersensitive response could explain an early lag in tissue-impairment rates that apparently caused the differences among heating regimes. A simulation based on stem vascular-cambium temperature regimes measured during fires shows how temperature-dependent impairment rates can be used to predict tissue necrosis in fires. To our knowledge, hyperbolic temperature exposures have not been used to characterise plant tissue thermal tolerance and, given certain caveats, could provide more realistic data more efficiently than fixed-temperature exposures.

scholarly journals Foliar Chlorosis in Field-Grown Red Maples

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Altland
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quality Rating ◽  
Foliar Tissue ◽  
Highly Correlated

Franksred red maple (Acer rubrum `Franksred') trees were sampled from nursery fields in 2003 and 2004 to determine the cause of a common foliar chlorosis. Plots in 21 and 39 different nurseries were identified in 2003 and 2004, respectively. A single plot from each nursery was sampled in June of each year, whereas two to four plots per nursery were sampled in September. Each plot consisted of 20 consecutive trees in a single row. From each plot, a foliar tissue sample was analyzed for the complete range of essential nutrients. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, and a subjective plant quality rating were also recorded. From each plot, a soil sample was collected and analyzed for pH, EC, organic matter, and a range of essential nutrients. The foliar chlorosis was determined to be incited by manganese (Mn) deficiency. Tissue Mn was highly correlated with soil pH. Chlorotic plants were smaller with less stem diameter than nonchlorotic plants. Sufficiency ranges for tissue and soil tests were determined and are provided for red maple nursery production.

scholarly journals Biostimulants and Soil Amendments Affect Two-year Posttransplant Growth of Red Maple and Washington Hawthorn

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kelting ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Bonnie Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Kelp Extract

Humate-based products have been aggressively marketed as biostimulants that increase plant growth. Little data are available on their effect on tree establishment or their interaction with fertilizer and irrigation regimes. This experiment tested several types of biostimulants on posttransplant growth of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) and Crataegus phaenopyrum (Blume) Hara (Washington hawthorn) trees, both with and without irrigation and fertilization. Soil treatments were applied at planting as: 1) control (native backfill only); 2) compost (native backfill + yard-waste compost); 3) peat (native backfill + Canadian sphagnum peat); 4) granular humate, 100 g/tree; 5) granular humate, 200 g/tree; and 6) liquid humate +, a proprietary liquid mixture of humate, kelp extract, thiamine, and intermediate “metabolites.” Irrigation regime × soil treatment interaction was significant for red maple, but soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, top dry mass, or root length. For Washington hawthorn, soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, or root length, but top dry mass in all treatments as a group and in humate-treated trees in particular was greater than that of controls. Roots of peat-treated trees of both species were longer than those in other treatments. Granular humate applied at 200 g/tree increased total root length more than did 100 g/tree in Washington hawthorn but not in red maple. Fertilizing at planting with N at 14.5 g·m-2 had no effect on any parameter measured for either species.

Relationships Among Potassium, Calcium and Trace Elements in Tree Leaves and Associated Canopy Arthropods

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance S. Risley
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Nutrient Cycles ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
The Relationship

There is a paucity of information that describes the relationship between the suite of nutrient elements in tree foliage and associated arthropod assemblages. Foliage from chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories (Carya spp.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and associated canopy arthropods were collected in an undisturbed and a 15 yr-old successional forested watershed and analyzed for K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr. Foliar Mn and Sr were found in higher concentrations in the undisturbed watershed. Foliage from hickories was generally higher in concentrations of metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) compared with other tree species. Dogwood foliage had significantly higher concentrations of Ca and significantly lower concentrations of Mn than other tree species (P < 0.05). Concentrations of foliar elements in herbivore-damaged and undamaged leaves did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Concentrations of elements in and among arthropod feeding categories varied substantially such that no trends were apparent among tree species and between watersheds. The most apparent trend among arthropod feeding categories was the relatively large accumulation of K in chewing herbivores (primarily caterpillars). In general, there appeared to be increases in K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations from primary producers to consumers. This study contributes to arthropod nutritional ecology and to defining the role of canopy arthropods in forest ecosystem nutrient cycles.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the competitive dynamics of mixed-oak neighborhoods

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1714-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Daniel J. Heggenstaller ◽  
Patrick H. Brose ◽  
JeriLynn E. Peck ◽  
Kim C. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Tree Height Growth

The disparity between the potential for latent oak dominance within a stand and their region-wide decline in importance value raises questions about the competitiveness of oaks in early stand dynamics. We reconstructed tree height growth dynamics in mixed-species neighborhoods to determine if currently dominant oaks were ever shorter than their competitors and at what age currently subordinate oaks fell behind. In 23–36 year old mixed-oak stands in two physiographic provinces of Pennsylvania, we identified dominant and subordinate northern red oaks ( Quercus rubra L.) and chestnut oaks ( Quercus prinus L.) competing with adjacent non-oaks (red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), sweet birch ( Betula lenta L.), and black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.)) of equal crown class. In each stand, we randomly selected 20 tree neighborhoods and collected stem cross sections every metre from the base to the tip of each tree. In the Allegheny Plateau province, dominant northern red oaks never averaged more than 2 m shorter than their competitors, while by age 20, subordinate oaks were commonly more than 2 m behind. Dominant chestnut oaks in the Ridge and Valley province were never more than 1 m shorter than their competitors; subordinate oaks, however, were generally always at least a metre behind. In both regions, growth dynamics of currently subordinate trees were indistinguishable from those of currently dominant trees during their first decade. Because oaks that were considerably behind at age 15 were likely to be subordinate by age 30, the window of opportunity for release to prevent oaks from becoming permanently overtopped and unable to recover may thus be relatively early (age 10–20).

Linking surface-fire behavior, stem heating, and tissue necrosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 814-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Bova ◽  
M B Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Tetrazolium Staining

Data from 69 experimental, small-plot fires are used to describe relationships among fire intensity, bark-surface heat flux, and depth of necrosis in stem tissue for red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.). A tetrazolium staining technique was used to determine the depth of necrosis in tree boles subjected to fires with intensities of 20 to 2000 kW/m. Over a range of bark moistures (28%–83%) and bole diameters (3–20 cm), depth of necrosis appears to be primarily a function of fire intensity, flame residence time at the stem, and the corresponding time-integrated heat flux at the bark surface. Our results, along with known relations between bole diameter and bark thickness, and improved models of fire behavior and heat transfer, may be useful for estimating tree mortality resulting from prescribed fires.

Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration of Piedmont Hardwoods

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Kays ◽  
David Wm. Smith ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
Richard E. Kreh
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Typical Range

Abstract Clear felling with whole-tree utilization was performed on six similar pairs of plots with a range of SI50 48-75 ft for white oak. Pairs of plots received either dormant or growing season harvests and spanned a typical range of Piedmont upland hardwood sites characterized by low-quality stems and poor species composition: White oak (Quercus alba L.), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) sprouting decreased with increasing diameter, while chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum L.) did not. Sprouting of white oak stumps greater than 12 in. dbh and 80 years old was significantly increased with a dormant season harvest. In general, chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, sourwood, and red maple sprouted with high frequencies regardless of season of harvest, diameter, or age. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):98-102.

Total and Merchantable Volume Equations and Taper Functions for Southwestern Ponderosa Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McTague ◽  
W. F. Stansfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Height Functions ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Total outside and inside bark cubic foot volume equations are presented for southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) that are functions of total tree height, diameter breast height, and Girard form class. These equations are appropriate for trees of any size or age, and no distinction is made between "blackjack" and "yellow pine" trees. Equations are included to predict merchantable volume to any upper stem diameter or merchantable height. Taper and merchantable height functions are indirectly derived from the merchantable volume equations. West. J. Appl For. 3(4):123-125, October 1988.

ESTIMATING EPIDEMIC POPULATIONS OF THE LESSER MAPLE SPANWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
W. J. A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Shoots

AbstractThe distribution of lesser maple spanworm, Itame pustularia (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae in red maple, Acer rubrum L., crowns and of pupae under these trees, and the relationship between the number of shoots on these trees and several easily-measured tree dimensions are used to design sampling techniques for estimating the mean number of larvae per shoot and the mean number of pupae per unit area in epidemic populations. An estimate of the total number of larvae per unit area is obtained from the product of larval density and the number of shoots per unit area. Some indication of how this latter estimate might be obtained is discussed. Because of the strong relationship between stem diameter and the number of shoots on a tree, a double sample procedure can be designed based on shoot counts from a relatively small number of trees. Auxiliary measurements on a large number of trees can improve the precision of the estimate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document