TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF FUNGI COMMUNITIES IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF FABA BEANS

The taxonomic composition of rhizosphere complexes of microscopic fungi was determined under nine varieties of faba beans grown in small-plot experiments on black soil with a pH of 7.6, ob-serving zonal agricultural techniques (Belgorod, Russia). It was revealed that under different vari-eties of faba beans the list of micromycete species is not the same, but their number is lower than in control soil. The number of micromycete propagules in the rhizosphere of beans (34 ± 1.7 thou-sand CFU / g soil) is on average 2 times higher than in the control soil (17 ± 1.2 thousand CFU / g soil). The greatest species diversity was found in the varieties Velena and Akvadul (18 and 16 species, respectively). The mycocomplexes of the Tsarskiy Yield and Leader varieties were dis-tinguished by the greatest similarity with the control. Phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum dominated in the rhizosphere complexes of all studied varieties of vegetable beans, and the spe-cies A. fabaе, C. herbarum, and U. botrytis were present only in the rank of random species in my-cocomplexes under some varieties.

Foliar Fungal Endophytes in a Tree Diversity Experiment Are Driven by the Identity but Not the Diversity of Tree Species

Symbiotic foliar fungal endophytes can have beneficial effects on host trees and might alleviate climate-induced stressors. Whether and how the community of foliar endophytes is dependent on the tree neighborhood is still under debate with contradicting results from different tree diversity experiments. Here, we present our finding regarding the effect of the tree neighborhood from the temperate, densely planted and 12-years-old Kreinitz tree diversity experiment. We used linear models, redundancy analysis, Procrustes analysis and Holm-corrected multiple t-tests to quantify the effects of the plot-level tree neighborhood on the diversity and composition of foliar fungal endophytes in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Picea abies. Against our expectations, we did not find an effect of tree diversity on endophyte diversity. Endophyte composition, however, was driven by the identity of the host species. Thirteen endophytes where overabundant in tree species mixtures, which might indicate frequent spillover or positive interactions between foliar endophytes. The independence of the diversity of endophytes from the diversity of tree species might be attributed to the small plot size and the high density of tree individuals. However, the mechanistic causes for these cryptic relationships still remain to be uncovered.

Evaluation of the biological effectiveness of inducers of resistance to viral diseases and their impact on potato yield in the field

Оценена биологическая эффективность Фармайода (йод) и Имуноцитофита (эфир арахидоновой кислоты) как индукторов устойчивости картофеля к вирусам в мелкоделяночных (г. Москва) и производственных опытах в Астраханской, Липецкой и Московской областях в 2015–2016 и 2018 годах. В Липецкой области картофель сорта Рамос заражен Y-вирусом картофеля (PVY) и комплексом вирусов M и S (PVM + PVS); в Астраханской области на сорте Импала отмечали комплексы PVM+PVS и PVM+PVS+PVY, в Московской области на сорте ВР-808 был отмечен Y-вирус. Биологическая эффективность Фармайода против Y-вируса в мелкоделяночных опытах на сорте Ред Скарлетт в 2015–2016 годах составила 76,4%, в 2018 году – 73,4%, а Иммуноцитофита – 47,4% и 48,4%. Прибавка урожайности от Фармайода была 21,6–34,4%, а от Иммуноцитофита – 17,0–21,3%. Против М-вируса на сорте Адретта биологическая эффективность Фармайода и Иммуноцитофита в 2015–2016 годах была 70,8% и 51,1%, в 2018 году – 56,5% и 41,3%. Урожайность в 2015–2016 годах увеличилась на 35,2% от применения Фармайода, от Иммуноцитофита – на 16,7%; в 2018 году прибавка – 24,0% и 15,3%, соответственно. В хозяйстве Московской области эффективность Фармайода составила 74,9%, предпосадочная обработка им клубней эффекта не дала. В Липецкой области биологическая эффективность Фармайода была в среднем 73%, Иммуноцитофита – 52%. Прибавка валовой урожайности от Фармайода – 9,1 т/га, Иммуноцитофита – 3,8 т/га, при урожайности в контроле 24,0 т/га; в 2016 году – 6,8 т/га и 3,3 т/га, в контроле – 19,5 т/га. В Астраханской области в 2016 году биологическая эффективность Фармайода – 73,2%, прибавка – 8,6 т/га, у Иммуноцитофита эти показатели – 53,2% и 5,2 т/га, в контроле 18,9 т/га. The biological effectiveness of Pharmaiod (100 g/l iodine) and Immunocitophyt (20 g/kg of ethylic ester of arachidonic acid) as inducers of potato resistance to viruses was evaluated in small plot trials (Moscow) and field experiments in the Astrakhan, Lipetsk and Moscow oblast in 2015–2016 and 2018. In the Lipetsk oblast, the potato variety Ramos was infected with the potato virus Y (PVY) and the complex infection of the potato viruses M and S (PVM + PVS); in Astrakhan oblast on Impala variety, the PVM + PVS and PVM + PVS + PVY virus complexes were noted; in Moscow oblast the potato variety VR-808 was infected with PVY. In 2015–2016 in small plot trials the biological effectiveness of Pharmaiod against PVY on Red Scarlet variety averaged 76.4%, in 2018–73.4% and Immunocitophyt – 47.4% and 48.4%. The yield increase from the use Pharmaiod was 21.6–34.4%, and from Immunocitophyt – 17.0–21.3%. The biological effectiveness of Pharmaiod and Immunocitophyt against the M-virus on Adretta variety in 2015–2016 was 70.8% and 51.1%, in 2018–56.5% and 41.3%. The total yield in 2015–2016 increased by 35.2% from the use of Pharmaiod, from Immunocytofit by 16.7%, in 2018, the increase was by 24.0% and 15.3%, respectively. In the farm of Moscow Oblast, the effectiveness of Pharmaiod was 74.9%, the pre-planting treatment of tubers did not have a significant effect. In Lipetsk oblast, the biological effectiveness of Pharmaiod averaged 73%, Immunocitophyt – 52%. The total yield increase from the use Pharmaiod is 9.1 t/ha, from Immunocitophyt – 3.8 t/ha, when the yield in the control variant was 24.0 t/ha; in 2016–6.8 t/ha and 3.3 t/ha, in control – 19.5 t/ha. In 2016 in Astrakhan oblast the biological effectiveness of Pharmaiod was 73.2%, the increase was 8.6 t/ha, in Immunocitophyt these rates were 53.2% and 5.2 t/ha, in the control 18.9 t/ha.

Narratologische Analyse des Gorgias-Romans Veriphantors Betrogener Frontalbo

"A Narratological Analysis of the Novel Veriphantors Betrogener Frontalbo by Johann Gorgias. Veriphantors Betrogener Frontalbo is the most important novel by the German-Transylvanian writer Johann Gorgias. It represents the pinnacle of his poetic œuvre, since earlier texts often still consist of few plot elements, and Veriphantors Buhlende Jungfer is a text that is not yet particularly well structured. The educational intent of Gorgias’s earlier texts can seem quite offensive today, as the reader is often bombarded with general rules, commonplaces, and moralizing examples drawn from life after a small plot point. In the narratological analysis, the relationship of the narrated time and the narrative time or pace are examined first. Furthermore, the sequence of events presented, the length of the presentation of incidents (duration), and the “repetition relations” in which “the narrated and the narration” stand, are identified and differentiated. Keywords: Gorgias, baroque, narration, duration, narrated time, narrative time "

Broadacre Mapping of Wheat Biomass Using Ground-Based LiDAR Technology

Crop biomass is an important attribute to consider in relation to site-specific nitrogen (N) management as critical N levels in plants vary depending on crop biomass. Whilst LiDAR technology has been used extensively in small plot-based phenomics studies, large-scale crop scanning has not yet been reported for cereal crops. A LiDAR sensing system was implemented to map a commercial 64-ha wheat paddock to assess the spatial variability of crop biomass. A proximal active reflectance sensor providing spectral indices and estimates of crop height was used as a comparison for the LiDAR system. Plant samples were collected at targeted locations across the field for the assessment of relationships between sensed and measured crop parameters. The correlation between crop biomass and LiDAR-derived crop height was 0.79, which is similar to results reported for plot scanning studies and greatly superior to results obtained for the spectral sensor tested. The LiDAR mapping showed significant crop biomass variability across the field, with estimated values ranging between 460 and 1900 kg ha−1. The results are encouraging for the use of LiDAR technology for large-scale operations to support site-specific management. To promote such an approach, we encourage the development of an automated, on-the-go data processing capability and dedicated commercial LiDAR systems for field operation.

My rural, vernacular house in context to COVID-19

Vernacular architecture offers clues and lessons to people. Purpose of this paper is thus to explore and identify attributes of a particular piece of vernacular architecture and try to relate it in context to COVID-19. It highlights attributes of the house in context to reimagining and redesigning built environment in days of COVID-19. Said piece of vernacular architecture is my ancestral house which no more exists since 55 years in a village I am from. Its plan, form, building materials and setting in a village teaches few things. House of single storey in mud construction was over a small plot of about 9 meters by 12.5 meters. Top of compound wall was above eye level offering great privacy and insider naturally avails environ offering pleasant solitude, the need of COVID-19. When one entered plot of house from road through compound gate on south-west direction of a plot, one is in a small courtyard. Immediate to entrance at compound gate was a room of about 2.5 meters by 2.5 meters with a veranda of about 2 meters by 2.5 meters. This space called “Gadaaro” was for male guests and males of a family. Courtyard which contained two cows continued beyond Gadaaro. Abutting on northern wall of a plot were walls of 3 rooms namely kitchen (northwest), a general room and a bed room (north east). From a courtyard one could enter to a general room leading to kitchen on its west and bed room on its east. Plan remained closer to what one needs to reimagine today in COVID-19. Construction from local building materials; mud-walls and a country tiled sloping roof offered many things expected in COVID-19. Findings here are that environ, house plan and construction materials has to be such that one can leave in for a long period without coming in contact with outdoors for days. House plan shall be fully contained and complete in itself.

Understanding producers' perspectives on rotational grazing benefits across US Great Plains

Experimental findings on rotational grazing (RG) trials have generally differed from producer observations of RG outcomes on commercial scale ranches. Factors such as small plot size, short duration trials and relatively rigid grazing management that lacks responsiveness to the dynamic and complex social-ecological systems in grazing trials could all contribute to this disparity in outcomes. These differences call for a better understanding of producer perceptions of RG benefits. To fill this knowledge gap, we surveyed 4500 producers from the Northern and Southern Great Plains of the USA. Among the 875 respondents, 40.5% reported that they used continuous grazing (CG), 52.7% implemented RG management in an extensive manner, while 6.8% adopted management intensive grazing. Compared with CG users, adopters of RG in its extensive and intensive form reported an average annual increase of grazing season by 7.6 and 39.3 days, respectively. When controlling for producer demographics, ranch management goals and other rancher characteristics, we found soil and climate heterogeneity significantly affected the perceived relative benefits of RG vs CG strategies. Therefore, instead of focusing on whether RG outperforms CG per se, future research could focus on comparison of RG benefits under different management intensity levels and identifying soil and climate conditions where RG benefits are more noticeable.

The Village of Suzdal Opolye and Changes in the System Resettlement in the Second Half of the 14th – 15th Centuries

The article substantiates the localization of the medieval village of Yasenye in the Suzdal Opolye, mentioned in sources under 1417, which was previously identified with the village of Torki of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. Yasenye existed on the watershed, near the spring of the same name in the second half of the 12th – first half of the 15th centuries. The reason for the disappearance of the village and another large settlement synchronized to it, is the expansion of monastic possessions in the microregion. This is confirmed by documents of the 16th–17th centuries, which record the continuation of disputes over the land near the spring, which is claimed by the monastery and the peasants of the surrounding villages. A small plot of the history of Opolye is well combined with the general picture of the decrease in the number of villages in the region in the 15th century, obtained as a result of the work of the Suzdal expedition (leader N. A. Makarov). This allows us to consider the development of monastic land ownership as a significant factor in the transformation of settlement systems in Opolye at the end of the Middle Ages.

INFLUENCE OF PREPARATIONS OBTAINED FROM CARBOXYMETHYLATED PLANT RAW MATERIALS ON GROWTH PROCESSES, YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WHEAT GRAIN

Studies of the effect of biological products obtained from carboxymethylated products of processing plant raw materials on the growth and development of spring wheat (pre-sowing treatment of seeds with an aqueous solution of 150 g per 1 ton of seeds per 10 L of water) showed that the studied drugs influenced the growth processes of the culture. The activation of the growth and development of wheat in the first phases was traced, from the germination of grain (the appearance of embryonic roots), to the formation of a more powerful tillering of the culture. The studied preparations contributed to an increase in wheat yield in a small-plot experiment by 30–43%, in a field experiment – by 15%, in production conditions – by 21–32%. An increase in wheat yield under the influence of growth regulators does not always accompany an increase in the protein and gluten content in the grain. The direction of the change in the protein concentration in grain towards a decrease (for example, according to the non-fallow precursor, in the presence of the limiting nitrogen factor in the soil) can be defined as the "growth dilution effect" due to an increase in the yield per unit area, as well as productive tillering decisive influence on the degree of uniform ripening and grain quality.