We examined numbers of rectrices of all subspecies of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), determined from our own studies and reported in the literature. Approximately 8% of all birds had an uneven number of rectrices, with no difference between males and females. More birds from a presumed subspecific "hybrid" population had uneven numbers of rectrices than those from "nonhybrid" samples. Of North American tetraonines, sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and blue grouse appear most variable in this character. Within subspecies, males and females had the same modal numbers of rectrices. The sexes differed, however, in the overall distribution of numbers of rectrices; most birds with submodal numbers were females and most birds with supermodal numbers, males. Males and females in one hybrid population differed in modal numbers of rectrices: males 20, and females 18. Eighty per cent of all coastal blue grouse had 18 rectrices, with no differences among subspecies. In contrast, all interior subspecies differed from each other. The two northern interior subspecies, D. o. pallidus and D. o. richardsonii, had modes of 20 rectrices, with that for pallidus weaker than that for richardsonii (70 and 81% modal, respectively). Dendragapus obscurus obscurus had a mode of 18 rectrices, not different from that for coastal birds. A small sample of D. o. oreinus was equally divided between birds with 18 and 20 rectrices, suggesting relationships with D. o. pallidus to the north and D. o. obscurus to the east. Northern interior blue grouse emerge as a distinct group with respect to modal number of rectrices, which parallels the pattern for the presence or absence of tail bands. Based on these two characteristics, coastal blue grouse appear more closely related to southern interior than to northern interior subspecies. The blue grouse is the only tetraonine with clear evidence of subspecific variation in numbers of rectrices.
Efficient Multi-Objective CFD-Based Optimization Method for a Scroll Distributor
