Leishmania type II dehydrogenase is essential for parasite viability irrespective of the presence of an active complex I

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (42) ◽  
pp. e2103803118
Author(s):  
Margarida Duarte ◽  
Cleide Ferreira ◽  
Gurleen Kaur Khandpur ◽  
Tamara Flohr ◽  
Jannik Zimmermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Proton Translocation ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Active Complex ◽  
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ◽  
Candidate Target

Type II NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2) are monotopic enzymes present in the external or internal face of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contribute to NADH/NAD+ balance by conveying electrons from NADH to ubiquinone without coupled proton translocation. Herein, we characterize the product of a gene present in all species of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania as a bona fide, matrix-oriented, type II NADH dehydrogenase. Within mitochondria, this respiratory activity concurs with that of type I NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) in some Leishmania species but not others. To query the significance of NDH2 in parasite physiology, we attempted its genetic disruption in two parasite species, exhibiting a silent (Leishmania infantum, Li) and a fully operational (Leishmania major, Lm) complex I. Strikingly, this analysis revealed that NDH2 abrogation is not tolerated by Leishmania, not even by complex I–expressing Lm species. Conversely, complex I is dispensable in both species, provided that NDH2 is sufficiently expressed. That a type II dehydrogenase is essential even in the presence of an active complex I places Leishmania NADH metabolism into an entirely unique perspective and suggests unexplored functions for NDH2 that span beyond its complex I–overlapping activities. Notably, by showing that the essential character of NDH2 extends to the disease-causing stage of Leishmania, we genetically validate NDH2—an enzyme without a counterpart in mammals—as a candidate target for leishmanicidal drugs.

scholarly journals A yeast-based drug discovery platform to identify Plasmodium falciparum type II NADH dehydrogenase inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Cao ◽  
Chen Sun ◽  
Han Wen ◽  
Mengfei Wang ◽  
Pan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Asexual Blood Stage

Conventional methods utilizing in vitro protein activity assay or in vivo parasite survival to screen for malaria inhibitors suffer from high experimental background and/or inconvenience. Here we introduce a yeast-based system to facilitate chemical screen for specific protein or pathway inhibitors. The platform comprises several isogeneic Pichia strains that only differ in the target of interest, so that a compound which inhibits one strain but not the other is implicated in working specifically against the target. We used Plasmodium falciparum NDH2(PfNDH2), a type II NADH dehydrogenase, as a proof of principle to show how well this works. Three isogenic Pichia strains harboring respectively exogeneously introduced PfNDH2, its own complex I (a type I NADH dehydrogenase), and PfNDH2 with its own complex I were constructed. In a pilot screen of more than2000 compounds, we identified a highly specific inhibitor that acts on PfNDH2. This compound poorly inhibit the parasites at the asexual blood stage, however, is highly effective in repressing oocyst maturation in the mosquito stage. Our results demonstrate that the yeast cell based screen platform is feasible, efficient, economical and with very low background noise. Similar strategies could be extended to the functional screen for interacting molecules of other targets.

scholarly journals Physiological relevance, localization and substrate specificity of the alternative (type II) mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenases of Ogataea parapolymorpha

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Juergens ◽  
Álvaro Mielgo-Gómez ◽  
Albert Godoy-Hernández ◽  
Jolanda ter Horst ◽  
Janine M. Nijenhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Proton Pumping ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Respiratory Chains ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenases

AbstractMitochondria from Ogataea parapolymorpha harbor a branched electron-transport chain containing a proton-pumping Complex I NADH dehydrogenase and three alternative (type II) NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2s). To investigate the physiological role, localization and substrate specificity of these enzymes, growth of various NADH dehydrogenase mutants was quantitatively characterized in shake-flask and chemostat cultures, followed by oxygen-uptake experiments with isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreduction of the three NDH2s were individually assessed. Our findings show that the O. parapolymorpha respiratory chain contains an internal NADH-accepting NDH2 (Ndh2-1/OpNdi1), at least one external NAD(P)H-accepting enzyme and likely additional mechanisms for respiration-linked oxidation of cytosolic NADH. Metabolic regulation appears to prevent competition between OpNdi1 and Complex I for mitochondrial NADH. With the exception of OpNdi1, the respiratory chain of O. parapolymorpha exhibits metabolic redundancy and tolerates deletion of multiple NADH-dehydrogenase genes without compromising fully respiratory metabolism.ImportanceTo achieve high productivity and yields in microbial bioprocesses, efficient use of the energy substrate is essential. Organisms with branched respiratory chains can respire via the energy-efficient proton-pumping Complex I, or make use of alternative NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2s). The yeast Ogataea parapolymorpha contains three uncharacterized, putative NDH2s which were investigated in this work. We show that O. parapolymorpha contains at least one ‘internal’ NDH2, which provides an alternative to Complex I for mitochondrial NADH oxidation, albeit at a lower efficiency. The use of this NDH2 appeared to be limited to carbon excess conditions and the O. parapolymorpha respiratory chain tolerated multiple deletions without compromising respiratory metabolism, highlighting opportunities for metabolic (redox) engineering. By providing a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological role of NDH2s, including insights into their metabolic capacity, orientation and substrate specificity this study also extends our fundamental understanding of respiration in organisms with branched respiratory chains.

scholarly journals Active complex formation of type I and type II activin and TGFβ receptors in vivo as studied by overexpression in zebrafish embryos

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlie J.M. de Vries ◽  
Jan de Boer ◽  
Jos Joore ◽  
Uwe Stra¨hle ◽  
Tanja A.E. van Achterberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Active Complex ◽  
Tgfβ Receptors

scholarly journals Succinate Dehydrogenase and Other Respiratory Pathways in Thylakoid Membranes of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Capacity Comparisons and Physiological Function

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (14) ◽  
pp. 4251-4258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Cooley ◽  
Wim F. J. Vermaas
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Thylakoid Membranes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Electron Transfer Pathway ◽  
Electron Donation ◽  
Nadph Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT Respiration in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes is interwoven with photosynthetic processes. We have constructed a range of mutants that are impaired in several combinations of respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport complexes and have examined the relative effects on the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool by using a quinone electrode. Succinate dehydrogenase has a major effect on the PQ redox poise, as mutants lacking this enzyme showed a much more oxidized PQ pool. Mutants lacking type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases also had more oxidized PQ pools. However, in the mutant lacking type I NADPH dehydrogenase, succinate was essentially absent and effective respiratory electron donation to the PQ pool could be established after addition of 1 mM succinate. Therefore, lack of the type I NADPH dehydrogenase had an indirect effect on the PQ pool redox state. The electron donation capacity of succinate dehydrogenase was found to be an order of magnitude larger than that of type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. The reason for the oxidized PQ pool upon inactivation of type II NADH dehydrogenase may be related to the facts that the NAD pool in the cell is much smaller than that of NADP and that the NAD pool is fully reduced in the mutant without type II NADH dehydrogenase, thus causing regulatory inhibition. The results indicate that succinate dehydrogenase is the main respiratory electron transfer pathway into the PQ pool and that type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases regulate the reduction level of NADP and NAD, which, in turn, affects respiratory electron flow through succinate dehydrogenase.

scholarly journals Structural organization of mitochondrial human complex I: role of the ND4 and ND5 mitochondria-encoded subunits and interaction with prohibitin

2004 ◽  
Vol 383 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid BOURGES ◽  
Claire RAMUS ◽  
Bénédicte MOUSSON de CAMARET ◽  
Réjane BEUGNOT ◽  
Claire REMACLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Nadh:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Membrane Association ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Complex I Assembly ◽  
Human Complex

Mitochondria-encoded ND (NADH dehydrogenase) subunits, as components of the hydrophobic part of complex I, are essential for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. Mutations or lack of expression of these subunits have significant pathogenic consequences in humans. However, the way these events affect complex I assembly is poorly documented. To understand the effects of particular mutations in ND subunits on complex I assembly, we studied four human cell lines: ND4 non-expressing cells, ND5 non-expressing cells, and rho° cells that do not express any ND subunits, in comparison with normal complex I control cells. In control cells, all the seven analysed nuclear-encoded complex I subunits were found to be attached to the mitochondrial inner membrane, except for the 24 kDa subunit, which was nearly equally partitioned between the membranes and the matrix. Absence of a single ND subunit, or even all the seven ND subunits, caused no major changes in the nuclear-encoded complex I subunit content of mitochondria. However, in cells lacking ND4 or ND5, very low amounts of 24 kDa subunit were found associated with the membranes, whereas most of the other nuclear-encoded subunits remained attached. In contrast, membrane association of most of the nuclear subunits was significantly reduced in the absence of all seven ND proteins. Immunopurification detected several subcomplexes. One of these, containing the 23, 30 and 49 kDa subunits, also contained prohibitin. This is the first description of prohibitin interaction with complex I subunits and suggests that this protein might play a role in the assembly or degradation of mitochondrial complex I.

Immunization with the hybrid protein vaccine, consisting of Leishmania major cysteine proteinases Type I (CPB) and Type II (CPA), partially protects against leishmaniasis

Vaccine ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1930-1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azita Zadeh-Vakili ◽  
Tahere Taheri ◽  
Yasaman Taslimi ◽  
Fatemeh Doustdari ◽  
Ali-Hatef Salmanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Hybrid Protein ◽  
Protein Vaccine

Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H2O2 generation

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. C844-C851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan J. Anderson ◽  
P. Darrell Neufer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Complex Iii ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Superoxide

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in a number of skeletal muscle pathologies, most notably aging-induced atrophy and loss of type II myofibers. Although oxygen-derived free radicals are thought to be a primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction, the underlying factors governing mitochondrial superoxide production in different skeletal myofiber types is unknown. Using a novel in situ approach to measure H2O2 production (indicator of superoxide formation) in permeabilized rat skeletal muscle fiber bundles, we found that mitochondrial free radical leak (H2O2 produced/O2 consumed) is two- to threefold higher ( P < 0.05) in white (WG, primarily type IIB fibers) than in red (RG, type IIA) gastrocnemius or soleus (type I) myofibers during basal respiration supported by complex I (pyruvate + malate) or complex II (succinate) substrates. In the presence of respiratory inhibitors, maximal rates of superoxide produced at both complex I and complex III are markedly higher in RG and WG than in soleus muscle despite ∼50% less mitochondrial content in WG myofibers. Duplicate experiments conducted with ±exogenous superoxide dismutase revealed striking differences in the topology and/or dismutation of superoxide in WG vs. soleus and RG muscle. When normalized for mitochondrial content, overall H2O2 scavenging capacity is lower in RG and WG fibers, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity, which is largely responsible for H2O2 removal in mitochondria, is similar in all three muscle types. These findings suggest that type II myofibers, particularly type IIB, possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial superoxide production and/or release, providing a potential mechanism for the heterogeneous development of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding the physiology of hypoxic sensing by the carotid body

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanduri R. Prabhakar ◽  
Ying-Jie Peng ◽  
Jayasri Nanduri
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Type I ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Reflex Stimulation ◽  
I Cells ◽  
O2 Sensing

Hypoxia resulting from reduced oxygen (O2) levels in the arterial blood is sensed by the carotid body (CB) and triggers reflex stimulation of breathing and blood pressure to maintain homeostasis. Studies in the past five years provided novel insights into the roles of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), a carbon monoxide (CO)-producing enzyme, and NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 2, a subunit of the mitochondrial complex I, in hypoxic sensing by the CB. HO-2 is expressed in type I cells, the primary O2-sensing cells of the CB, and binds to O2 with low affinity. O2-dependent CO production from HO-2 mediates hypoxic response of the CB by regulating H2S generation. Mice lacking NDUFS2 show that complex I-generated reactive oxygen species acting on K+ channels confer type I cell response to hypoxia. Whether these signaling pathways operate synergistically or independently remains to be studied.

scholarly journals Effects of proteolytic digestion by chymotrypsin on the structure and catalytic properties of reduced nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide–ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria

1977 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Crowder ◽  
C. Ian Ragan
Keyword(s):  
Complex I ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Complex Iii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Nadh Cytochrome ◽  
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

1. Incubation of NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) with chymotrypsin caused loss of rotenone-sensitive ubiquinone-1 reduction and an increase in rotenone-insensitive ubiquinone reduction. 2. Within the same time-course, NADH–K3Fe(CN)6 oxidoreductase activity was unaffected. 3. Mixing of chymotrypsin-treated Complex I with Complex III did not give rise to NADH–cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity. 4. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed selective degradation of several constituent polypeptides by chymotrypsin. 5. With higher chymotrypsin concentrations and longer incubation times, a decrease in NADH–K3Fe(CN)6 oxidoreductase was observed. The kinetics of this decrease correlated with solubilization of the low-molecular-weight type-II NADH dehydrogenase (subunit mol.wts. 53000 and 27000) and with degradation of a polypeptide of mol.wt. 30000. 6. Phospholipid-depleted Complex I was more rapidly degraded by chymotrypsin. Specifically, a subunit of mol.wt. 75000, resistant to chymotrypsin in untreated Complex I, was degraded in phospholipid-depleted Complex I. In addition, the 30000-mol.wt. polypeptide was also more rapidly digested, correlating with an increased rate of transformation to type II NADH dehydrogenase.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document