5. Logical Semantics

1991 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Frank Van Eynde
Keyword(s):  
Logical Semantics

Differentiating scalar implicature from exclusion inferences in language acquisition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess Sullivan ◽  
Kathryn Davidson ◽  
Shirlene Wade ◽  
David Barner
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Scalar Implicature ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Mutual Exclusivity ◽  
Logical Semantics

When acquiring language, children must not only learn the meanings of words, but also how to interpret them in context. For example, children must learn both the logical semantics of the scalar quantifier some and its pragmatically enriched meaning: ‘some but not all’. Some studies have shown that this “scalar implicature” that some implies ‘some but not all’ poses a challenge even to nine-year-olds, while others find success by age three. We asked whether reports of children’s early successes might be due to the computation of exclusion inferences (like contrast or mutual exclusivity) rather than an ability to compute scalar implicatures. We found that young children (N=214; ages 4;0-7;11) sometimes prefer to compute symmetrical exclusion inferences rather than asymmetric scalar inferences when interpreting quantifiers. This suggests that some apparent successes in computing scalar implicature can actually be explained by less sophisticated exclusion inferences.

Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Haspelmath
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Mental Spaces ◽  
Logical Semantics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

This chapter focuses on various theoretical approaches to the semantic and syntactic functions of indefinite pronouns. It begins with a discussion of structuralist semantics, which suggests that language is a system whose parts must be defined and described on the basis of their place in the system and their relation to each other, rather than on the basis of their own intrinsic properties. It then considers some of the problems associated with structuralist semantics, including the unclear status of the semantic features; significant overlap of the functions of grammatical items in many areas, including indefinite pronouns; and structuralist semantics makes wrong predictions about semantic change. The chapter proceeds by analysing logical semantics and the issues raised by this approach, along with syntactic approaches, the theory of mental spaces, pragmatic scales and scale reversal. Finally, it explains the relationship between focusing and sentence accent.

scholarly journals Interoperability in Smart Manufacturing: Research Challenges

Machines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abe Zeid ◽  
Sarvesh Sundaram ◽  
Mohsen Moghaddam ◽  
Sagar Kamarthi ◽  
Tucker Marion
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Integrated Networks ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Logical Semantics ◽  
And Control

Recent advances in manufacturing technology, such as cyber–physical systems, industrial Internet, AI (Artificial Intelligence), and machine learning have driven the evolution of manufacturing architectures into integrated networks of automation devices, services, and enterprises. One of the resulting challenges of this evolution is the increased need for interoperability at different levels of the manufacturing ecosystem. The scope ranges from shop–floor software, devices, and control systems to Internet-based cloud-platforms, providing various services on-demand. Successful implementation of interoperability in smart manufacturing would, thus, result in effective communication and error-prone data-exchange between machines, sensors, actuators, users, systems, and platforms. A significant challenge to this is the architecture and the platforms that are used by machines and software packages. A better understanding of the subject can be achieved by studying industry-specific communication protocols and their respective logical semantics. A review of research conducted in this area is provided in this article to gain perspective on the various dimensions and types of interoperability. This article provides a multi-faceted approach to the research area of interoperability by reviewing key concepts and existing research efforts in the domain, as well as by discussing challenges and solutions.

Solving Syllogisms as Abstract Pattern Recognition and Completion, Based on Linguistic Cues for Logical Semantic Features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Faiciuc
Keyword(s):  
Order Effects ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Verbal Expression ◽  
Frequent Contact ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Completion Process ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Format Effects ◽  
Logical Semantics ◽  
Logical Semantic

The presented empirical research is based on a new model for the categorical syllogisms, described and partially tested elsewhere. This model assumes that deriving a conclusion involves a pattern completion process, similar to the completion of perceptual patterns. Specifically, inferring a conclusion would require the generation of the missing part of an abstract pattern of logical semantic features. This pattern is named schema, because it is organized around a particular argumentative goal. Such a schema emerges through the frequent contact with a corresponding class of argumentative experiences. As, presumably, the usual pragmatic argumentative contexts imply predominantly valid syllogisms, pragmatic syllogistic schemas would emerge mainly for them. These pragmatic schemas for the valid syllogisms are supposed to be based on a particular mixed semantics of their syllogistic judgments, including both intensional (class-property) and extensional (subclass-class) relationships. The recognition of these schemas can be influenced by the linguistic cues of the verbal expression of the syllogisms. To test this particular prediction, the linguistic format of a set of 24 abstract categorical syllogisms (12 valid, 12 invalid) was varied. The linguistic cues of the L format task would favor the recognition of the logical features of the assumed syllogistic schemas with a mixed logical semantics of the valid syllogisms. The N format task, with no explicit linguistic cues for those logical features, would hinder the recognition of the above-mentioned schemas for the valid syllogisms. The administration order of the two tasks was also varied. The study included 192 university students. The data supported considerably the expected format effects on the correctness of the chosen answers for the valid syllogisms (with higher performances for the L format) in the relevant between-subjects and within-subjects comparisons, and some of the predicted order effects. Mental models theory cannot explain the obtained results.

Logic in High Definition—Trends in Logical Semantics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alessandro Giordani ◽  
Jacek Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
High Definition ◽  
Logical Semantics

scholarly journals Czym jest „pojęcie" we współczesnym językoznawstwie?

2007 ◽  
pp. 169-183
Author(s):  
Irena Szczepankowska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Logical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Static Nature ◽  
Cognitive Understanding

In the article the Author poses a question concerning the understanding of the term "concept" (syn. "notion") in linguistics - its status as a subject of a semantic description ("concept" in relation to "meaning") and as an element of metalanguage. She confronts the earlier structuralist perspective originating from logic with more recent ones used in psychology and cognitive linguistics, in which the meaning of linguistic units is equated directly with a notion as a mental conceptualisation and in fact as a conceptualisation process. The most important novum in the cognitive understanding of a "concept" as a subject of linguistic description is, according to the Author, the renunciation of the classical perspective (a conceptual category as "a set of features reserved for a class of items") and demystification - especially with reference to popular categories - its ostensibly objective static nature. A notion is treated as an area of knowledge organised (profiled) in a special manner at the background of the whole network of cognitive relations, that is embracing also elements of emotions, valuation, perspective and interaction of conceptualisers. Creating notions and encoding them in language thus requires other methods of representing the meaning of linguistic units than those well-grounded in linguistics under the influence of logical semantics - so that the descriptions refer not only to the designatum but also to the cognising entity.

scholarly journals Informing the Coaching Pedagogy of Game Modification in a Game Sense Approach with Affordance Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Joss Rankin ◽  
Shane Pill ◽  
Terry Magias
Keyword(s):  
Game Design ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Ecological Modelling ◽  
Game Form ◽  
Affordance Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Design Perspective ◽  
Game Modification ◽  
Logical Semantics ◽  
Coaching Approach

The Game Sense coaching approach is founded on expectations of game-based practice as the game (or game form) becomes the focus and starting point of practice. The theory of affordances, a conceptual pillar of ecological modelling of perception and action in sport leading to a constraintsled game design perspective, provides a basis for understanding the modifying and adapting games as a pedagogical emphasis of the Game Sense approach. We review affordance theory leading to a demonstrated application of constraints-led learning in Touch Football. We conclude with the proposition of constraints-led game design as a logical semantics for the game-based practice assumptions of the Game Sense approach. This paper demonstrates the potential of affordance theory as a means of analysis of the task dynamics of Touch Football to inform a Game Sense coaching perspective for the sport.

scholarly journals A Deterministic Logical Semantics for Esterel

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Tardieu
Keyword(s):  
Logical Semantics
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