Z problematyki opisu frazeologii publicystycznej

The article analyses the sources of phraseological units occurring in the media and in journalistic texts of contemporary Polish language. The first part of the article contains a few remarks on two types of new noun phrases, e.g. Europa dwu prędkości (two-/multi-speed Europe), mowa nienawiści (hate speech), dane wrażliwe (sensitive data). The second part indicates the main problems related to the linguistic description of phraseology in journalism: the phraseologism – term relation and the difficulties in identifying the sources of phraseological units (the type of loanword).

Corpus Linguistics: Theory Vs Methodilogy

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the stages of formation and development of corpus linguistics. The purpose of the article is to analyze various scientific approaches to the scientific significance of this linguistic discipline and identify a set of concepts and criteria that form the foundation of this field. Corpus linguistics is one of the most promising and rapidly developing areas of language research. Linguistics of the XIX century set as its goal the study of language as such, and linguistics of the XXI century sees the relevance of the research not in identifying absolute linguistic categories and meanings but in the practical application of linguistic knowledge. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the linguistic corpus contains a vast potential, which the scientific community has not fully comprehended since the text as the main object of corpus linguistics in various forms of its implementation is one of the central components systems of language and speech-thinking activity of a modern native speaker of any language. The content and volume of linguistic corpora of various kinds allow obtaining reliable information about the modern and real use of a particular term: the corpus becomes a tool for analyzing the functioning of this term both in the linguistic field of morphology, syntax, and vocabulary and in the theory and practice of translation, identifying the register of its formal or informal usage. The fundamental novelty of this studys results allows us to speak about the legitimacy of the creation of corpus dictionaries and corpus grammars of a new generation, developed and verified concerning a specific fixed corpus. Simultaneously, the author substantiates the proposition that the corpus nature of dictionaries and grammars increases their reliability and objectivity and avoids the subjectivity that is often characteristic of research-based solely on the intuition of a linguist. The corpus is a medium for obtaining new scientific data, the comprehension of which seems to be a priority for modern linguistic description and necessary in the scientific activity of a modern researcher. From our point of view, this article's relevance and novelty lie in the fact that the expediency of corpus research is an essential requirement of the time, associated with a new quality of linguistic reality and meeting the needs of modern society. The article examines the main stages of the formation of corpus linguistics as a scientific field, characterizes the scientific concepts and approaches inherent in each of these stages, provides an overview of the main conceptual provisions of corpus linguistics within the framework of domestic and foreign linguistics. The author analyzes in detail the polemics between representatives of various scientific directions and reveals the advantages of one or another approach, traces the similarities and differences between approaches to the study of corpora at various historical stages of their formation. The review's focus is the role and place of corpus studies of language in modern linguistics, comparison of the pro and contra arguments of the use of corpus technologies in linguistic description. Considerable attention is paid to the main criteria for the classification of corpora, a brief overview of the most famous corpora in history is offered, and the prospects for their use in various fields of modern language science are discussed.

Des perspectives rigoureuses pour la linguistique

A reading of many recent publications shows that theoretical concerns in the field of linguistics have declined, even though the founders of the discipline all emphasised the central importance of its role. This article aims to show how linguistic description has progressed thanks to the different theoretical tools that have been developed in the course of research. From this point of view, this article illustrates the following facts: lexicon, semantics and syntax are not separate instances but together form the units that are sentences. The elements of sentences must be described in terms of the set of properties that characterise them. This is the case for regular sequences. Finally, one of the promising objectives consists in finding a reasoned classification of fixed sequences. Linguistics, like any science, cannot do without theoretical tools.

Patterns and perspectives shape perceptions: Epistemological and methodological reflections on the study of small-scale multilingualism

Aims and objectives: This paper captures social dimensions of language in highly diverse small-scale multilingual contexts that appear to pose challenges for (socio)linguistic description and documentation. I focus on the seeming contradiction of monolingual imaginations of places with heterogeneous and multilingual inhabitants, on great fluidity and variability of language use and the concomitant limits of reification-based identification of codes, and on personalised repertoires shaped by individual trajectories and relational, rather than categorical, stances. Approach: I propose patterns and perspectives as two interrelated dimensions to guide research in configurations of this kind, illustrating epistemological and methodological points through data from multilingual settings in Casamance, Senegal. Data and analysis: I focus on data collected in the village of Agnack Grand and its surroundings, but also include data from across the Lower Casamance and adjacent regions of Guinea-Bissau, discussing patterns of multilingual organisation and extracts from conversation and how their speech forms are categorised. Findings: The paper brings sociohistorical dimensions of small-scale multilingualism to the fore and identifies their lasting influences on spatial representations of language regimes. Linguistic spaces influence perspectives on speech events taking place in them and circumscribe speech participants’ and observers’ choices in describing repertoires, producing and analysing speech forms. Beyond the selection of language modes, perspective also determines how speech forms are categorised. I demonstrate that the patterns speakers and observers have experienced and the perspectives they assume are decisive in shaping their perception. Originality: My central observation is that there is no objective, neutral viewpoint on (multilingual) speech, but that positionality frames it at all levels. I develop new epistemologies for studying these dimensions. Significance: Putting the categorisation processes employed by speakers and observers and their underlying motivations centre stage and integrating sociolinguistic and anthropological linguistic methods and historical knowledge into linguistic description and documentation constitutes an innovative research programme.

Language and Its Limits: Meaning, Reference and the Ineffable in Buddhist Philosophy

Buddhist schools of thought share two fundamental assumptions about language. On the one hand, language (śabda) is identified with conceptual thinking (kalpanā), which according to the Buddhist doctrine (dharma) separates us from the momentary and fleeting nature of reality (satya, “truth”). Language is comprised of generally applicable forms, which fuel the reificatory proclivity for clinging to the distorted – and ultimately fictious – belief in substantial existence. On the other hand, the distrust of language is mitigated by the doctrine of ineffability (anirdeśya), which although asserts that reality is beyond the scope of linguistic description, submits that philosophical analyses of key Buddhist concepts is a means of overcoming the limitations that language imposes on our experience and facilitating insight into the nature of reality (bodhi). This paper provides an overview of Buddhist philosophy of language, with an emphasis on the dialectical view of language as indispensable but ultimately insufficient for contemplation. The Buddhist discussions of ineffability are explicated and compared with its treatment in modern Occidental thought, specifically the similarities and differences with Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language.

Teach me to play, gamer! Imitative learning in computer games via linguistic description of complex phenomena and decision trees

In this article, we present a new machine learning model by imitation based on the linguistic description of complex phenomena. The idea consists of, first, capturing the behaviour of human players by creating a computational perception network based on the execution traces of the games and, second, representing it using fuzzy logic (linguistic variables and if-then rules). From this knowledge, a set of data (dataset) is automatically created to generate a learning model based on decision trees. This model will be used later to automatically control the movements of a bot. The result is an artificial agent that mimics the human player. We have implemented, tested and evaluated this technology. The results obtained are interesting and promising, showing that this method can be a good alternative to design and implement the behaviour of intelligent agents in video game development.

TERMINOLOGICAL «CHAOS» IN MEDICINE AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT

Анализируются причины «терминологического беспорядка» в медицине и попытки его преодоления. Обсуждаются некоторые принципы классификации медицинской терминологии, основанные на лингвистическом описании исследуемых единиц. Необходимость упорядочения терминов, используемых в разных сферах медицины, исследуется с позиции носителей специального медицинского знания. The reasons for terminological «chaos» and ways to overcome it are being analyzed. Some principles of medical terminology’s classification based on the linguistic description of the studied units are being discussed. The necessity of terms’ ordering used in different spheres of medicine is viewed from the professional perspective.

THE ALLOCATION OF PARTICLES IN TRANSLATION DICTIONARIES AND WAYS TO EXPRESS THEM IN TRANSLATION

Introduction. In the languages of the peoples of the world, particles with their own logical-grammatical, semantic-stylistic features and functions, historical development and pragmatic features have an independent place as one of the auxiliary words. Although they do not have a separate lexical meaning, they are among the categories that provide a linguistic and speech relationship in terms of their ability to connect equally to each other by adding different meanings to words and sentences at the syntactic levels. The comparative study of particles within different systematic languages plays an important role in understanding and expressing objective reality through language tools. Research methods. Methods of linguistic description, classification, contextual, comparative and stylistic analysis can be used as research methods. Results and discussions.

REMINISCENCES GENRE IN THE SPEECH OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE AUSTRALIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN EASTERN EMIGRATION (AS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE STORIES ABOUT HARBIN)

Введение. Представлены рассказы о Харбине русских реэмигрантов из Китая в Австралию в речевом жанре воспоминание. Необходимость анализа данных текстов обусловлена интересом современной лингвистики к говорящей личности и воплощаемым ею текстам, которые отражают уникальность личного и исторического опыта, в данном случае – опыта представителей русской реэмиграции из Китая в Австралию. Цель – описать жанр воспоминание и особенности его лингвистической реализации в речи русских реэмигрантов из Китая в Австралию в ХХ в. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужили записи интервью с русскими реэмигрантами из Китая в Австралию (10 интервью). В качестве основного метода был выбран метод лингвистического описания жанра воспоминание в речи с точки зрения его тематического и языкового своеобразия. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано тематическое своеобразие рассказов о Харбине, обусловленное особенностями жизни русских эмигрантов в восточном зарубежье. В соответствии с этим выделены микротемы: русский облик Харбина, переселение в Харбин, русские и китайцы, японская оккупация в Харбине. Установлены жанровые особенности и языковая специфика. При анализе специфики рассказов о Харбине русских реэмигрантов из Китая в Австралию обнаружены типичные и специфичные признаки. Среди типичных отмечены следующие особенности: употребление глаголов прошедшего времени, использование в речи разговорной и нейтральной лексики и метатекстовых лексических единиц. Установлены специфичные языковые особенности рассказов о Харбине, воплощенные в жанре воспоминание, к которым относятся использование синтаксических средств и конструкций, свойственных письменной речи, употребление книжной, высокой, устаревшей лексики, а также собственно харбинской лексики и заимствований из китайского языка. Заключение. Анализ рассказов о Харбине русских реэмигрантов из Китая в Австралию, воплощенных в речевом жанре воспоминание, позволил выявить их тематическое своеобразие, обусловленное особенностями жизни русских эмигрантов в восточном зарубежье, жанровую и языковую специфику. Introduction. The paper presents the stories about Harbin told by Russian re-emigrants from China to Australia in the speech genre “Reminiscences”. The need to analyse these texts arises from the interest of modern linguistics in the speaking personality and the texts this personality produces. The texts reflect the unique personal and historical experience. In this case study they reflect the experiences of Russian re-emigrants from China to Australia. The purpose of the article is to describe the reminiscence genre and its linguistic implementation in the speech of Russian re-emigrants, who came from China to Australia in the 20th century. Material and methods. The research is based on the study of the recorded interviews with Russian re-emigrants from China to Australia (10 interviews). The method of linguistic description of the «Reminiscences» genre was used as the main method to analyse their speech from the point of view of its thematic and linguistic distinctiveness. Results and discussion. The paper presents the thematic originality of stories about Harbin, determined by the particular lifestyle of Russian eastern emigration. A number of micro-themes have been identified in the framework of the study: The Russian appearance of Harbin, resettlement to Harbin, Russians and Chinese, Japanese occupation of Harbin. Genre features and linguistic specificities have been determined. The analysis of the Russian re-emigrants’ stories about Harbin made it possible to identify some typical and specific features. Among the typical features are: the use of past-tense verbs, the use of spoken and neutral vocabulary and metatext lexical units. The specific features of the stories about Harbin, embodied in the «Reminiscences» genre, have been determined. They include the use of syntactic means and structures characteristic of written speech, the use of bookish, high-flown and obsolete vocabulary, as well as Harbin vocabulary and borrowings from the Chinese language. Conclusion. Recorded reminiscence-stories of Russian re-emigrants about Harbin, demonstrate thematic originality, determined by the particular lifestyle of Russian eastern emigration, genre features and linguistic specifics.