Language variation and change in the formation of Greek superlative constructions

This paper addresses variation and change in the realization of superlative constructions in the light of the evidence provided by Modern Greek dialectal variation as a window into the study of the organization of grammar. Dialectal data show that analyticity prevails in the realization of relative comparative constructions, while absolute ones seem to resist more persistently due to their high relevance with another morphological category, evaluative intensification. Our findings argue in favour of the strong interplay among all three processes, viewed as realizations of the conceptual category of gradation, accounted for in terms of a continuum. The proposed organization captures the strong interplay between intensification and absolute superlatives on the one hand, while relative and absolute superlative formations on the other. On a theoretical level, this account could contribute further to important issues such as the controversial status of comparison and evaluation in grammar, which may differ cross-linguistically, suggesting that a combined account of the three processes might prove more adequate.

Conjunctional Concepts: The Conceptual Teaching Technique in Biology Classes

Conceptual teaching relies on concepts in conjunction with a bigger conceptual category (or categories). Revealing and using conceptual conjunctions in the science classroom means teaching conceptually.

Reading Veganism

Reading Veganism: The Monstrous Vegan, 1818 to Present focuses on the iteration of the trope of ‘the monstrous vegan’ across 200 years of Anglophone literature. Explicating, through such monsters, veganism’s relation to utopian longing and challenge to the conceptual category of the ‘human’, the book explores ways in which ethical identities can be written, represented, and transmitted. Reading Veganism proposes that we can recognize and identify the monstrous vegan in relation to four key traits. First, monstrous vegans do not eat animals, an abstinence that generates a seemingly inexplicable anxiety in those who encounter them. Second, they are hybrid assemblages of human and nonhuman animal parts, destabilizing existing taxonomical classifications. Third, monstrous vegans are sired outside of heterosexual reproduction, the product of male acts of creation. And, finally, monstrous vegans are intimately connected to acts of writing and literary creation. The principal contention of the book is that understandings of veganism, as identity and practice, are limited without a consideration of multiplicity, provisionality, failure, and insufficiency within vegan definition and lived practice. Veganism’s association with positivity, in its drive for health and purity, is countered by a necessary and productive negativity generated by a recognition of the horrors of the modern world. Vegan monsters rehearse the key paradoxes involved in the writing of vegan identity.

‘The wickede secte of Saracenys’ – Lexico-semantic means of strengthening the English Christian Self in texts from the Middle English period

This paper focuses on the conceptual category of the Saracen as portrayed in medieval English texts, and the semantic potentials of lexical units used to refer to this ethnic and religious out-group. On the basis of references gathered from broader contexts provided by the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, both the frequency of usage of relevant referring expressions will be looked into. From a historio-pragmatic perspective, it shall be shown that the selected samples present one of many strategies used to strengthen the image of the Christian self by systematically decomposing the image of the ‘misbelieving’ other by means of lexical choice.

The Analytic of Separation: History and Concept in Marx

Chapter 10 develops an approach to the relation between historical and conceptual registers of Marx’s Capital by foregrounding the importance of “separation” (Scheidung) in Volume One. I argue that “separation” is the key to understanding how Marx’s theory is both empiricist and rationalist: derived from the history of capital and structured by conceptual relationships. I theorize the implicit centrality of separation to every major conceptual category developed in Volume One of Capital, showing that it traverses the theory of value, the history of the division of labor, and Marx’s account of primitive accumulation. The chapter concludes by assessing the consequences of this reading of Marx for theorizing the category of the proletariat beyond the limitations of Marx’s own system.

Cyberbezpieczeństwo w Grupie Wyszehradzkiej – koncepcje i strategie

W artykule podjęto problematykę cyberbezpieczeństwa w Grupie Wyszehradzkiej. Mimo że w nauce pojawia się wiele terminów dotyczących bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego, jednak w ostatnich latach w dokumentach strategicznych dominuje kategoria pojęciowa „cyberbezpieczeństwo”. W Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Cybernetycznego Unii Europejskiej z 7 marca 2013 r. stwierdza się, że bezpieczeństwo cybernetyczne odnosi się do zabezpieczeń i działań, które mogą być wykorzystywane do ochrony domeny cybernetycznej, zarówno cywilnej, jak i wojskowej, przed tymi zagrożeniami, które dotyczą jej współzależnych sieci i infrastruktury informatycznej oraz które mogą te sieci oraz tę infrastrukturę uszkodzić. Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wypracowały swoje własne strategie cyberbezpieczeństwa na podstawie światowych wzorców w tej dziedzinie. W tych dokumentach deklarują wprawdzie gotowość współpracy międzynarodowej, także środkowoeuropejskiej, jednak widać, że każde z nich ma ambicje odgrywania roli środkowoeuropejskiego lidera. Cybersecurity in the Visegrad Group – concepts and strategies The article discusses the issues of cybersecurity in the Visegrad Group. There is a wide spectrum of information security terminology, but the conceptual category of cybersecurity has dominated strategic documents in recent years. The European Union Cyber Security Strategy of 7, March 2013, claims that cybersecurity commonly refers to the safeguards and actions that can be used to protect the cyber domain, both in the civilian and military fields, from those threats that are associated with or that may harm its interdependent networks and information infrastructure. The Visegrad Group countries have developed their own cybersecurity strategies based on global models in this field. However, in these strategic documents they declare readiness for broad international cooperation, including Central European, it can be seen that each of them strives to play the role of a leader in Central Europe.

The fear of falls in the caregivers of institutionalized elders

ABSTRACT Aims To understand how the fear of falls emerges and manifests itself in caregivers of institutionalized elders. Method It is a qualitative study, based on the Grounded Theory and carried out with 24 informal caregivers, 5 nurses, 2 physicians and 2 directors of two Portuguese nursing homes. Data collection took place through interviews, participant observation, and documentation analysis, between October 2016 and January 2018. Data was collected and analyzed simultaneously, following the stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Results The comparative analysis of the findings identified the conceptual category "Fear of falls in the caregivers of institutionalized elders". The main category is associated with the categories: maintaining safety, hidden fear of falls, the perceived self-efficacy in the prevention of falls, falls and interpersonal relations, previous experiences, and team support. Conclusions The fear has an influence on the self-efficacy perceived in the prevention of falls; the quality of the teamwork, in turn, is affected by previous negative experiences and by the support of the team.

STATE-CHURCH RELATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMY: CONCEPTUALITY AND PROBLEMS

The article highlights the meaning and legal status of state-church relations, reveals their content and draws attention to the problems that accompany them. Identifies certain aspects of economic relations in the activities of religious organizations and establishes the features of their relationship with the legal policy of the state. Attention is paid to the types of problematic issues of economic activity of representatives of religious organizations and the directions of their elimination are determined. The author's position on the expediency of expanding the clear apparatus of this process by introducing the category of "economic and legal regulator of state-church relations" is presented. The essential characteristics of the proposed conceptual category are presented in a broad and narrow sense, which provides a more substantive implementation in the legislative regulators of this area. The advantages of its adaptation in modern state-church relations, which affect economic activity, are determined in detail, with the substantiation of the chosen approach. The characteristics of typical models of state-church relations are given, the factors influencing their choice in the country are determined and the position of scientists on expediency of adaptation in Ukraine of the concept of formation of contractual-cooperative multilevel model of state-church relations is revealed. Of course, one should be aware of the legislator, who reveals the legal position on the formation of state-church relations in our society, but some issues of economic activity of religious organizations and communities need more substantive regulation, which emphasizes the relevance of the chosen area of research. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the results of the research. The legislative platform governing state-church relations needs to be improved, as there are a number of unresolved issues related to economic relations. Part of the solution to the problematic issues lies in the plane of improving the conceptual apparatus, which is able to more objectively reveal their target nature. Thus, the introduction of the conceptual category "economic and legal regulator of state-church relations" will provide more substantive. In general, a number of issues of modern state-church relations in the context of economic activity require closer attention both from the legislator and from representatives of the church, scientific elites, specialists in economic activities of religious organizations (communities), which together will improve the situation inherent in today.

SOME SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CONCEPTUAL CATEGORY ORGANIZATION (BASED ON RUSSIAN)

This article describes the notions of conceptual category, categorical and subcategorical concepts. The purpose of the work is to provide the rationale for applying the term “categorical concept”. We also offer the method for designing conceptual category structure and identifying its elements. The key role for the method is assigned to categorical concept features. To exemplify that, we performed lexicographical analysis of the categorical concept FAMILY in Russian linguaculture. We carried out the analysis using etymological, associative, definition dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms. The study showed some peculiarities of a conceptual category structure. Particularly, it was demonstrated that not all features of subcategorical concepts correspond to the categorical concept, at the same time, some elements of a category can be assigned to different categorical groups. The analysis showed a number of concept FAMILY features: «association of people», «home», «unity», «size», «children», «belonging to someone», «strength of relationship», etc...

Czy to jeszcze stereotyp? Wizerunek Anglika w społeczeństwie polskim – tradycja i nowa wiedza

Is this still the stereotype? The image of the English in Polish society – tradition and new knowledge The article analyzes the results of the “Poles and Others” survey, devoted to Poles’ attitudes towards other nations and races which was conducted in June 2018. It refers to almost identical surveys from 1988 and 1998 which were prepared by the authors of this article and carried out according to the same methodological and technical rules. In the article, we focus on the image of the English in contemporary Polish society. Its striking feature is the richness and diversity of wording. The interpretation of this complexity is a major part of our considerations. Individual elements of the image are treated as the result of inter-ethnic direct and indirect contact resulting from migration phenomena, as well as progress in the field of technical possibilities of interpersonal contacts. On the one hand, this is due to increasing mobility and more personal contacts, but also to widely available media coverage and the use of massive forms of effective communication (Skype and WhatsApp connections, development of cellular technologies and the Internet). On the other hand, it comes from contacts with families in Poland of persons who remained in the United Kingdom as emigrants, and through them with a wider group of their relatives, friends and acquaintances. Despite these changes in perception, the distance towards the English has not altered; – they are still seen by Poles as one of the nations that is closest to us in Europe. In the article, we want to question the legitimacy of using the classic concept of the “stereotype” less commonly used by sociologists, but remaining in use among psychologists (who see in them sources of prejudice and discrimination, and problems of intergroup contacts) and experts in cultural studies. We will try to prove that the conceptual category of the stereotype should be replaced with the concept of a more complex “ethnic image” and our collected research experience confirms this thesis. Streszczenie Artykuł analizuje wyniki sondażu „Polacy i inni trzydzieści lat później”, poświęconego postawom Polaków wobec innych narodów i ras, który został przeprowadzony w czerwcu 2018 r. Nawiązuje on do podobnych sondaży z lat 1988 i 1998, które zostały przygotowane przez autorów artykułu i zrealizowane według tych samych reguł metodologicznych i technicznych. W artykule koncentrujemy się na wizerunku Anglika we współczesnym społeczeństwie polskim. Jego uderzającą cechą jest bogactwo i zróżnicowanie sformułowań. Interpretacja tej złożoności stanowi główną część naszych rozważań. Poszczególne elementy wizerunku są traktowane jako efekt międzyetnicznych styczności bezpośrednich i pośrednich płynących ze zjawisk migracyjnych, a także postępu w zakresie technicznych możliwości kontaktów międzyludzkich. Z jednej strony, wynika to z rosnącej mobilności i liczniejszych styczności osobistych, ale także szeroko dostępnego przekazu medialnego i używania na masową skalę skutecznych form komunikacji (połączenia Skype i Whatsapp, rozwój technologii komórkowych oraz Internetu). Z drugiej, pochodzi on z kontaktów z rodzinami w Polsce osób, które pozostały w Wielkiej Brytanii jako emigranci, a za ich pośrednictwem z szerszym gronem ich krewnych, przyjaciół i znajomych. Mimo zmian w wizerunku nie zmienił się dystans wobec Anglików, którzy postrzegani są ciągle przez Polaków jako jedni z najbliższych nam narodów w Europie. W artykule chcemy zakwestionować zasadność posługiwania się klasycznym pojęciem „stereotypu”, rzadziej już używanego przez socjologów, ale pozostającym w użyciu wśród psychologów (upatrujących w nich źródła uprzedzeń i dyskryminacji oraz problemów w kontaktach międzygrupowych) oraz kulturoznawców. Będziemy starali się dowieść, że kategorię pojęciową stereotypu należy zastąpić pojęciem bardziej złożonym „wizerunku” („obrazu”) etnicznego”, a zebrane doświadczenie badawcze potwierdza tę tezę.