Particulates from combustion sources: formation, characteristics and toxic hazards.

2020 ◽  
pp. 405-423
Author(s):  
D. A. Purser
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Sources

scholarly journals Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilina Jayarathne ◽  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Prakash V. Bhave ◽  
Puppala S. Praveen ◽  
Chathurika M. Rathnayake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Brick Kiln ◽  
Ambient Monitoring ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
Testing Experiment ◽  
Combustion Sources

Abstract. The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) characterized widespread and under-sampled combustion sources common to South Asia, including brick kilns, garbage burning, diesel and gasoline generators, diesel groundwater pumps, idling motorcycles, traditional and modern cooking stoves and fires, crop residue burning, and a heating fire. Fuel-based emission factors (EF; with units of pollutant mass emitted per kg of fuel combusted) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals, and organic species. For the forced draught zig-zag brick kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged 1–19 g kg−1 with major contributions from OC (7 %), sulfate expected to be in the form of sulfuric acid (31.9 %), and other chemicals not measured (e.g., particle bound water). For the clamp kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged 8–13 g kg−1, with major contributions from OC (63.2 %), sulfate (20.8 %), and ammonium (14.2 %). Our brick kiln EFPM2.5 values may exceed those previously reported, partly because we sampled emissions at ambient temperature after emission from the stack or kiln allowing some particle-phase OC and sulfate to form from gaseous precursors. The combustion of mixed household garbage under dry conditions had an EFPM2.5 of 7.4 ± 1.2 g kg−1, whereas damp conditions generated the highest EFPM2.5 of all combustion sources in this study, reaching up to 125 ± 23 g kg−1. Garbage burning emissions contained relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), triphenylbenzene, and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Sb), making these useful markers of this source. A variety of cooking stoves and fires fueled with dung, hardwood, twigs, and/or other biofuels were studied. The use of dung for cooking and heating produced higher EFPM2.5 than other biofuel sources and consistently emitted more PM2.5 and OC than burning hardwood and/or twigs; this trend was consistent across traditional mud stoves, chimney stoves, and 3-stone cooking fires. The comparisons of different cooking stoves and cooking fires revealed the highest PM emissions from 3-stone cooking fires (7.6–73 g kg−1), followed by traditional mud stoves (5.3–19.7 g kg−1), mud stoves with a chimney for exhaust (3.0–6.8 g kg−1), rocket stoves (1.5–7.2 g kg−1), induced-draught stoves (1.2–5.7 g kg−1), and the bhuse chulo stove (3.2 g kg−1), while biogas had no detectable PM emissions. Idling motorcycle emissions were evaluated before and after routine servicing at a local shop, which decreased EFPM2.5 from 8.8 ± 1.3 g kg−1 to 0.71 ± 0.4 g kg−1 when averaged across five motorcycles. Organic species analysis indicated that this reduction in PM2.5 was largely due to a decrease in emission of motor oil, probably from the crankcase. The EF and chemical emissions profiles developed in this study may be used for source apportionment and to update regional emission inventories.

scholarly journals PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Aruã da Silva Leite ◽  
Jean-François Léon ◽  
Melina Macouin ◽  
Sonia Rousse ◽  
Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Magnetic Mineralogy ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Magnetic Parameters ◽  
Element Carbon ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Magnetic Investigation ◽  
Combustion Sources ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in African cities remain poorly known due to scarcity of observation networks. Magnetic parameters of PM are robust proxies for the emissions of Fe-bearing particles. This study reports the first magnetic investigation of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic size below 2.5 μm) in Africa performed on weekly PM2.5 filters collected in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and Cotonou (Benin) between 2015 and 2017. The magnetic mineralogy is dominated by magnetite-like low coercivity minerals. Mass normalized SIRM are 1.65 × 10−2 A m2 kg−1 and 2.28 × 10−2 A m2 kg−1 for Abidjan and Cotonou respectively. Hard coercivity material (S-ratio = 0.96 and MDF = 33 mT) is observed during the dry dusty season. Wood burning emits less iron oxides by PM2.5 mass when compared to traffic sources. PM2.5 magnetic granulometry has a narrow range regardless of the site or season. The excellent correlation between the site-averaged element carbon concentrations and SIRM suggests that PM2.5 magnetic parameters are linked to primary particulate emission from combustion sources.

Contamination of Antarctic snow by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominated by combustion sources in the polar region

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kukučka ◽  
Gerhard Lammel ◽  
Alice Dvorská ◽  
Jana Klánová ◽  
Andrea Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Combustion Sources

Environmental context Is long-range transport from populated and industrialised areas to blame for pollution of remote regions? We report that, for the world's most remote region, Antarctica, and one prominent class of global pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long-range transport from other continents has not contributed significantly to recent snow contamination. Rather, the major sources are regional scientific stations and ocean transport, mostly tourism. Abstract Firn samples attributed to the period between 2002 and 2005 were collected from a snow pit on the Ekström Shelf Ice in the Weddell Sea (70°43.8′S, 8°25.1′W). Low-volume meltwater samples (5 mL) were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The recovery of the analytical method for the 4–6 ring PAHs was low. PAH concentrations in snow were found within the range of 26–197 ng L–1. The most prevailing substances were determined to be naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene, with naphthalene accounting for an overall mean of 82% of total PAH. Potential emission sources of PAHs in snow were studied using back-trajectory statistics and available emission data of combustion sources in and around Antarctica. The distance to the sources (ships and research stations) in this region was found to control the snow PAH concentrations. There was no indication for intercontinental transport or marine sources.

scholarly journals Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures

Chemosphere ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Morawska ◽  
Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Health Relevance ◽  
Combustion Sources

Long-life type — The dominant fraction of EPFRs in combustion sources and ambient fine particles in Xi'an

2019 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 117059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingcai Chen ◽  
Haoyao Sun ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Ming Shan ◽  
Xudong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Combustion Sources ◽  
Life Type

Emissions from Indoor Combustion Sources

2018 ◽  
pp. 261-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Spengler ◽  
Martin A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Sources ◽  
Indoor Combustion
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