Energy lost in endothermic reactions in the production of clay blocks in a continuous kiln

In Ocaña, Norte de Santander, Colombia, the production of ceramic materials is done in a traditional and empirical manner, generating heat losses, low productivity and product quality, and increased emissions of polluting gases into the environment. A virtual instrument for temperature data acquisition was developed and the firing process was monitored in two loading doors of a Hoffman kiln. 29040 blocks were produced, and 1370.76 kg of pulverized charcoal were consumed. The firing process lasted sixty-two hours and the virtual instrument was programmed to record data every 5 minutes. The energy supplied to the brick kiln was 340.16x106 kJ and the heat due to loading of the products and heat lost in the endothermic reactions of the clay was 107.71x106 kJ and 105.71x106 kJ respectively, representing 31.66% and 31.08% of the energy supplied. The results have made it possible to establish trends in the temperatures and energy consumed in the endothermic reactions in the clay. This will allow the implementation of coal quality and grinding procedures, increasing energy efficiency, and reducing gas emissions into the environment, thus avoiding acute respiratory diseases.

Why do Dalits Migrate? A Case Study of Neo-bondage in Western Uttar Pradesh

Drawing on fieldwork in two villages of Muzaffarnagar district of Western Uttar Pradesh, through case studies of brick kiln workers and cane cutters, this article attempts to show how bonded labour is continued in contemporary times. These two groups of brick kiln workers and cane-cutters belong to the Scheduled caste, and their marginalization is manufactured through social exclusion. Debt is used as a tool to sustain and build upon their marginalization by capitalist forces. Through studying the elements of neo-bondage, this article aims to show how Dalits who are at the lowest rung of India’s informal economy are tied down to exploitative and harsh working conditions that reduce their possibility of exit from those conditions. Not undermining debt as a tool of exploitation, it is also argued that bonded labour is often seen as a protective safety net that not only promises the Dalit labourers fixed employment for a stipulated time but also shows them the escape route from financial dependence on the upper caste moneylenders who play havoc in their lives through usury.

Geo-Spatial Distribution and Comparative Assessment of Brick Kiln Industry: Appraisal on Kulpi Block in Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal

Brick is one of the most important building materials and the demand of it is continuously rising for high increasing of population and the demand for settlement growth. Brick kilns in India are considered by traditional types of manufacturing and established as a significant industry in the unorganized sector. Percentage of female worker is more than male and in most of the cases total family be involved. Indian brick industry is the second biggest in the world after the China which provides livelihood. Among 9 Blocks of Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, Kulpi is the largest block based on number of brick kiln industry. Total brick kiln of the Sub division is 101. But Kulpi has 44 Brick Kilns (equal to 43.46%) covering an area of 60,000 Bigha or 80.3 Sq. Kms acquiring 25.83 % area of the Block itself. Author has attempted to observe the geo-spatial scenario and analysis of brick kiln industry of Kulpi block. Keywords: Locational Status, Brick Kiln Industry, Distribution, Comparison, Analysis, Kulpi Block

Traditional Brick Making, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts: A Case Study of Vhembe District, South Africa

The brick making industry, despite its contribution to environmental pollution, plays a major role in the economic growth of South Africa, with the traditional technology accounting for a significant proportion of the total clay brick production. The aim of this study is to undertake a comprehensive description of the production phases of the traditional brick making sector in Vhembe district and how this contributes to air pollution. The study comprised a series of interviews and questionnaires of key role players from two small villages, Manini and Tshilungoma in the Vhembe district. In-situ observations of the production methods and phases were also undertaken between June and December 2019. The brick making production phases used in Vhembe district are excavation, preparation, moulding, drying and firing. An average estimate of 34,683 bricks is fired monthly per brick kiln in Vhembe district. Emissions from brick making organisations had resulted into several public health and environmental risks. To reduce environmental degradation, the incorporation of industrial and environmental wastes into brick making and the gradual transition to environmentally friendly technology such as Vertical Shaft brick kiln (VSBK) should be embraced. Thus, traditional brick making implemented with appropriate sustainable environmental technology has the potential to improve the socio-economic status of the brick makers.

An Empirical Study on Brick Industry of India: A Perspective of Cost Analysis

For several years, human beings have been using the most essential smallest piece for building work which is brick. Its history stretches back to the earliest days of man’s civilization. About the brick user many well-known archaeological excavations in various parts of world give enough info. In Uttar Pradesh, the informal sector-brick kiln industry is largely a rural based industry and is also one of the extremely polluting industry. In Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar and Hapur, there are approximately 700 brick kiln, which are important to the economy of Uttar Pradesh, rendering it appropriate to widen the analysis to include many aspects of brick kiln. Since the industry plays a major economic function. This paper discusses the situation of Western Uttar Pradesh brick kiln. The paper assesses the effect of current and alternative brick kiln technology on Western UP. It assesses net profits for the contractor and the social expense for kilns through a cost-benefit study. Analysis of restrictions and recommendations reveal that the oven owners in Uttar Pradesh are facing restrictions.