The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait Version: Does It Really Measure Anxiety?

Abstract Introduction Anxiety in children triggered by a scheduled surgical intervention is a major issue due to its frequency and consequences. Preoperative anxiety is associated with increased patient fear and agitation on anesthetic induction. The aim of this study is to compare three preoperative anxiety scales for children undergoing elective outpatient surgery, and to correlate each of these tools with the degree of patient compliance on induction, as assessed by the Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC). Methods An observational prospective study was performed on a cohort of children with ages between 2 and 16 years old, scheduled for outpatient surgery. Anxiety was assessed upon arrival to the hospital (M0), during transfer to the surgical unit (M1), and in the operating room during anesthetic induction (M2). Anxiety in the parents (measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) and in the children (measured with the Spence Anxiety Scale-Pediatric, SCAS-P, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Children, STAIC, and Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, m-YPAS) was assessed. Compliance with anesthetic induction was assessed with ICC. Results The study included 76 patients (72.4% male, median age 7.9 years). Anxiety scores (m-YPAS) increased as the moment of surgery approached, being greater at the entrance to the surgical unit (M0 = 26.1 ± 9.5; M1 = 31.8 ± 18.1; M2 = 33.5 ± 21.1). A strong correlation was found between ICC scale and m-YPAS at M1 (0.738) and M2 timepoints (0.794), but not with the rest of scales at M0. Conclusions Standard anxiety assessment scales do not predict the quality of anesthetic induction. m-YPAS scale can detect increasing anxiety in children as they approach the surgical procedure and this correlates strongly with a worse anesthetic induction, defined by higher score on ICC scale.

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EFEKTIVITAS ART THERAPY DALAM MENURUNKAN KECEMASAN PADA IBU YANG MEMILIKI ANAK PENDERITA KANKER

Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni ◽

10.24912/jmishumsen.v5i1.9853.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Christella Ruslan ◽

Monty P. Satiadarma ◽

Untung Subroto

Keyword(s):

Art Therapy ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Psychological Health ◽

State Anxiety ◽

The State ◽

The Body ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Children With Cancer ◽

Quasi Experimental

Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled development of cells in the body and can cause death in someone who experiences it. This condition can affect the physical and psychological health of parents, especially mothers who look after and care for their children. Seeing this, having a child with cancer can certainly cause anxiety in a mother. At the same time, a mother is certainly required to provide emotional support to her child who is sick. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of art therapy in reducing anxiety in mothers of children with cancer. Art therapy that is applied to mothers who have children with cancer can help reduce the anxiety they feel because through this therapy participants are assisted in exploring, releasing their emotions and feelings of anxiety. Through this intervention, mothers who have children with cancer can experience catharsis and express their feelings. Participants in this study consisted of two mothers who have children with cancer. The design of this study is a quasi-experimental study by testing the pretest and posttest using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measurement tool in measuring state and trait anxiety from mothers who have children with cancer. The results of the study found that there was a decrease in the number of state anxiety by 14 in the R participant and 8 in the RS participant. Based on this, it can be concluded that art therapy intervention can reduce the state anxiety in mothers who have children with cancer. Kanker disebabkan oleh adanya perkembangan sel yang tidak terkendali dalam tubuh dan dapat menyebabkan kematian pada seseorang yang mengalaminya. Kondisi ini dapat memengaruhi kesehatan secara fisik dan psikologis dari orang tua, terutama ibu yang menjaga serta merawat anaknya. Melihat hal ini, memiliki anak penderita kanker tentu dapat menimbulkan kecemasan dalam diri seorang ibu. Pada saat yang bersamaan, seorang ibu tentu dituntut untuk memberi dukungan secara emosional kepada anaknya yang sedang sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti efektivitas dari art therapy dalam menurunkan kecemasan pada ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker. Art therapy yang diterapkan pada ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker dapat membantu menurunkan kecemasan yang dirasakan karena melalui terapi ini partisipan dibantu agar bisa mengeksplorasi dan mengeluarkan emosi serta perasaan cemas yang dimiliki. Melalui intervensi art therapy ini, ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker dapat melakukan katarsis dan mengungkapkan perasaannya. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas dua orang ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker. Adapun desain penelitian ini adalah kuasi-eksperimental dengan menguji pretest dan posttest yang menggunakan alat ukur State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) dalam mengukur kecemasan secara state dan trait dari ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker. Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya penurunan angka dari skor state anxiety sebesar 14 pada partisipan R dan 8 pada partisipan RS. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa intervensi art therapy dapat membantu menurunkan kecemasan secara state anxiety pada ibu yang memiliki anak penderita kanker.

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Validation of the State Version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in a University Sample

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/21582440211031900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 215824402110319

Author(s):

Christopher L. Thomas ◽

Jerrell C. Cassady

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

The State ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Cognitive Test Anxiety ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Excellent Internal Consistency

Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Model makes a theoretical distinction between the contribution of dispositional anxiety and the transitory experience of anxiety to performance difficulties during testing situations. According to the State-Trait framework, state anxiety is viewed as the primary performance barrier for test-anxious students, and as such, educators and educational researchers have expressed interest in validated, state anxiety measurement tools. Currently, the most widely used measure of state anxiety is the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. However, evidence regarding the psychometric properties of this scale is relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine the structural validity, reliability, and concurrent/divergent validity of the instrument. Participants ( N = 294) completed the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale 2nd Edition, and an exam task. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the viability of one-, two-, and bi-factor solutions for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated a two-factor solution consisting of State Anxiety and State Calmness dimensions provided superior fit to the observed data. Results of a reliability analysis indicated that the State Anxiety and State Calmness factors demonstrated excellent internal consistency when applied to university students. Our discussion concerns the utility of the State Anxiety factor as a tool for the identification of test-anxious students.

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Application of the μ Index to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3.860 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 860-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pamela Logan ◽

Robert Loo

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

The State ◽

Affective States ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory

Various measures of internal consistency were used in the calculation of Howarth's μ index for the state and trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results suggested that Howarth's μ is a useful index to assess state scales and to differentiate state scales from trait scales at least in the case of this inventory. Caution is urged, however, in its use with other measures which are not so well validated as this and with affective states not so well researched as anxiety.

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High Levels of State or Trait Anxiety and Performance on Selected Verbal WAIS Subtests

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1970.27.2.375 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 375-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Wilma J. Knox ◽

Ricardo Grippaldi

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Digit Span ◽

The State ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

High Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Group ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

And Performance ◽

Curvilinear Relationships

Upon entering a VA domiciliary Ss were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and WAIS subtests, Arithmetic ( A), Similarities ( S) and Digit Span ( DS). Two analyses of variance were carried out among WAIS weighted scores on the three subtests for three groups of different state or trait anxiety levels (high, medium, and low). Analyses showed significant interactions between WAIS scaled scores and anxiety: p < .05 for state anxiety and p < .001 for trait anxiety. The high-anxiety group in each instance showed the classical expectation of a lower A and DS in comparison to S; performance on DS was highest for each medium anxiety group. The study of curvilinear relationships and interaction effects in anxiety was discussed.

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Effects of Color and Trait Anxiety on State Anxiety

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1978.46.3.855 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 855-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert A. Reeves ◽

Ed M. Edmonds ◽

Dollie L. Transou

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

The State ◽

Color Condition ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Trait Theory ◽

The Relationship

A 2 (trait anxiety) × 4 (color) factorial design was used to determine the effects of red, green, yellow, and blue on state anxiety as a function of high and low trait anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess both trait (A-Trait) and state (A-State) anxiety for the 10 students assigned to each of the eight treatment combinations. High A-Trait students were significantly more anxious while viewing blue, red, and green than were the low A-Trait students and blue produced significantly more state anxiety than did either yellow or green. These results are consistent with state-trait theory and indicate that the effects of color on state anxiety may be confounded with trait anxiety unless the levels of A-Trait are equivalent for each color condition. The role of cultural and individual differences in the relationship between color and emotion and implications for research are discussed.

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