Coshological Implications of a c+v Relative Velocity of Light

The velocity of light is independent of the velocity of its source/observer. But the relative velocity between light and its source/observers is dependent on the velocity of the light source/observer, and this does not conflict with the first assumption. The velocity of light is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> everywhere and for everyone, but velocities <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> is the velocity of a light source/observer, do not represent the velocity of light, but the relative velocity between light and its source/observer. The velocity of light can, thus, be added to and subtracted from any velocity—giving a measurable relative velocity. A simple and common proof for this is the Doppler effect or the working of the Doppler radar. If there were no relative velocity between the electromagnetic wave and its source/observer, then there would be no Doppler effect nor would the Doppler radar work. In this paper, we will measure experimentally the relative velocity between the electromagnetic wave and the source/observer, using the Doppler effect.

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Relative Velocity of Light and Radio Waves in Space

Nature ◽

10.1038/202377a0 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 202 (4930) ◽

pp. 377-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

BERNARD LOVELL ◽

FRED L. WHIPPLE ◽

LEONARD H. SOLOMON

Keyword(s):

Relative Velocity ◽

Radio Waves ◽

Velocity Of Light

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Remarks on Simple Relativity and the Relative Velocity of Light

Nature ◽

10.1038/107716a0 ◽

1921 ◽

Vol 107 (2701) ◽

pp. 716-719

Author(s):

OLIVER LODGE

Keyword(s):

Relative Velocity ◽

Velocity Of Light

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On the Relativity of the Speed of Light

10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.ppbt1s7.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

XD Dongfang

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Relative Velocity ◽

Propagation Speed ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

Constant Speed ◽

Inertial Reference Frame ◽

Speed Of Light ◽

Velocity Of Light ◽

Relative Variable ◽

Variable Light

Einstein's assumption that the speed of light is constant is a fundamental principle of modern physics with great influence. However, the nature of the principle of constant speed of light is rarely described in detail in the relevant literatures, which leads to a deep misunderstanding among some readers of special relativity. Here we introduce the unitary principle, which has a wide application prospect in the logic self consistency test of mathematics, natural science and social science. Based on this, we propose the complete space-time transformation including the Lorentz transformation, clarify the definition of relative velocity of light and the conclusion that the relative velocity of light is variable, and further prove that the relative variable light speed is compatible with Einstein's constant speed of light. The specific conclusion is that the propagation speed of light in vacuum relative to the observer's inertial reference frame is always constant $c$, but the propagation speed of light relative to any other inertial reference frame which has relative motion with the observer is not equal to the constant $c$; observing in all inertial frame of reference, the relative velocity of light propagating in the same direction in vacuum is $0$, while that of light propagating in the opposite direction is $2c$. The essence of Einstein's constant speed of light is that the speed of light in an isolated reference frame is constant, but the relative speed of light in vacuum is variable. The assumption of constant speed of light in an isolated frame of reference and the inference of relative variable light speed can be derived from each other.

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Lorentz Transformation in Super System and in Super System of Photon

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.38.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Mukul Chandra Das ◽

Rampada Misra

Keyword(s):

Complex System ◽

Lorentz Transformation ◽

Relative Velocity ◽

Inertial System ◽

Linear Motion ◽

Velocity Of Light ◽

Work First

Lorentz transformation considers that relative velocity of the frame of references in inertialsystem is less than the velocity of light. If it be such that a frame is moving with velocity same as thatof light with respect to a frame of observer then, Lorentz transformation in it will not be same as donein inertial system. Again photon is not only a particle or wave but it is a complex system due to thefact that it possesses spin and linear motion simultaneously. So, it will have some complexcharacteristics. In this work first, trial would be made to find out the process of Lorentztransformation in between two frames having relative velocity same as that of light and then, thisconcept, would be applied in the system of photon.

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The scattering of fast β-particles by electrons

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1932.0164 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 137 (833) ◽

pp. 688-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Keyword(s):

Relative Velocity ◽

Expansion Method ◽

Lorentz Frame ◽

Velocity Of Light ◽

The Many

In a recent paper, it has been shown, using the expansion method, that the simple relativistic expressions govern the transfer of momentum and energy during the close collisions of fast β-particles with electrons. The present paper gives an account of an investigation of the scattering of fast β-particles by electrons, using the expansion method. Among the many formulæ which have been proposed to express the interaction of two electrons, the relativistically invariant expression due to Möller appears to be the most satisfactory theoretically. Möller has referred the scattering for all velocities to a Lorentz frame of co-ordinates in which the momenta of the two electrons are equal and opposite. The observed angle of scattering θ is connected with θ*, the angle of scattering in the Lorentz frame, by the relation x =cos θ*=2-(γ+3) sin 2 θ/2+(γ-1) sin 2 θ (1) where γ=1/(l-β 2 ) ½ and β= v/c , v being the relative velocity of the two particles before collision and c the velocity of light.

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Rapid Freezing of Freeze-Etch Specimens

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600003275 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 752-755

Author(s):

A. Elgsaeter ◽

T. Espevik ◽

G. Kopstad

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Metal Surface ◽

Relative Velocity ◽

Thermal Contact ◽

High Rate ◽

Rapid Freezing ◽

Temperature Decrease ◽

Freeze Etching

The importance of a high rate of temperature decrease (“rapid freezing”) when freezing specimens for freeze-etching has long been recognized1. The two basic methods for achieving rapid freezing are: 1) dropping the specimen onto a metal surface at low temperature, 2) bringing the specimen instantaneously into thermal contact with a liquid at low temperature and subsequently maintaining a high relative velocity between the liquid and the specimen. Over the last couple of years the first method has received strong renewed interest, particularily as the result of a series of important studies by Heuser and coworkers 2,3. In this paper we will compare these two freezing methods theoretically and experimentally.

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